Corpus bibliográfico
LITERATURA DE REFERENCIA
Bibliografía consolidada de los 64 capítulos, deduplicada por DOI, PMID o cita normalizada.
1012 referencias únicas
947 con DOI
971 con PMID
64 capítulos
Los ficheros de intercambio están disponibles en JSON, CSV y RIS.
Referencias
Sección titulada «Referencias»-
Greim H. Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838-1921): Ninth Pharmacologic-Historical Forum, 2024, Munich, Germany. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2024;397(12):9591-6.
-
Valent P, Groner B, Schumacher U, Höfler H, Berger P, Moch H, et al. Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) and his contributions to the foundation and birth of translational medicine. J Innate Immun. 2016;8(2):111-20.
-
Awwad S, Mohamed Ahmed AHA, Sharma G, Heng JS, Khaw PT, Brocchini S, et al. Principles of pharmacology in the eye. Br J Pharmacol. 2017;174(23):4205-23.
-
Lee MR. Solanaceae IV: Atropa belladonna, deadly nightshade. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2007;37(1):77-84.
-
Kohnen-Johannsen KL, Kayser O. Tropane alkaloids: chemistry, pharmacology, biosynthesis and production. Molecules. 2019;24(4):796.
-
Realini T. A history of glaucoma pharmacology. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(1):36-8.
-
Goerig M, Bacon D, van Zundert A. Carl Koller, cocaine, and local anesthesia: some less known and forgotten facts. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(3):318-24.
-
Timolol [Internet]. En: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [consultado 2026-07-20]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545176/
-
Alm A, Nilsson SFE. Latanoprost [Internet]. En: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [consultado 2026-07-20]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540978/
-
Nagpal M, Nagpal K, Nagpal PN. A comparative debate on the various anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs: pegaptanib sodium (Macugen), ranibizumab (Lucentis) and bevacizumab (Avastin). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2007;55(6):437-9.
- Gao J, Hussain RM, Weng CY. Voretigene neparvovec in retinal diseases: a review of the current clinical evidence. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:3855-69.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. LUXTURNA (voretigene neparvovec-rzyl) — Clinical Review [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA; 2017. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/luxturna
- World Health Organization. International Nonproprietary Names (INN) [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; [consultado 2026-07-20]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn
- World Health Organization. The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn/stembook
- Giacomini KM, Huang SM, Tweedie DJ, Benet LZ, Brouwer KLR, Chu X, et al. Membrane transporters in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(3):215-36.
- Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ. Organic anion transporting polypeptides of the OATP/SLC21 family: phylogenetic classification as OATP/SLCO superfamily, new nomenclature and molecular/functional properties. Pflugers Arch. 2004;447(5):653-65.
- Nigam SK. What do drug transporters really do? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015;14(1):29-44.
- Hillgren KM, Keppler D, Zur AA, Giacomini KM, Stieger B, Cass CE, et al; International Transporter Consortium. Emerging transporters of clinical importance: an update from the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(1):52-63.
- König J, Müller F, Fromm MF. Transporters and drug-drug interactions: important determinants of drug disposition and effects. Pharmacol Rev. 2013;65(3):944-66.
- Benet LZ, Hoener BA. Changes in plasma protein binding have little clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002;71(3):115-21.
- Zanger UM, Schwab M. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138(1):103-41.
- Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, Rodriguez-Antona C. Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;116(3):496-526.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA; [consultado 2026-07-19]. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-interactions-labeling/drug-development-and-drug-interactions-table-substrates-inhibitors-and-inducers
- Wilkinson GR, Shand DG. A physiological approach to hepatic drug clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975;18(4):377-90.
- Fredriksson R, Lagerström MC, Lundin LG, Schiöth HB. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. Mol Pharmacol. 2003;63(6):1256-72.
- Gil DW, Krauss HA, Bogardus AM, WoldeMussie E. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human iris-ciliary body measured by immunoprecipitation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38(7):1434-42.
- Alm A, Nilsson SFE. Latanoprost [Internet]. En: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; [consultado 2026-07-19]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540978/
- Costa T, Herz A. Antagonists with negative intrinsic activity at delta opioid receptors coupled to GTP-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(19):7321-5.
- de Ligt RAF, Kourounakis AP, IJzerman AP. Inverse agonism at G protein-coupled receptors: (patho)physiological relevance and implications for drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;130(1):1-12.
- Seifert R, Wenzel-Seifert K. Constitutive activity of G-protein-coupled receptors: cause of disease and common property of wild-type receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2002;366(5):381-416.
- Araujo SV, Bond JB, Wilson RP, Megargal LE, Cohen EJ, Spaeth GL. Long term effect of apraclonidine. Br J Ophthalmol. 1995;79(12):1098-101.
- Boger WP 3rd. Shortterm “escape” and longterm “drift”. The dissipation effects of the beta adrenergic blocking agents. Surv Ophthalmol. 1983;28 Suppl:235-42.
- Steinert RF, Thomas JV, Boger WP 3rd. Long-term drift and continued efficacy after multiyear timolol therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(1):100-3.
- Urtti A. Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58(11):1131-5.
- Agrahari V, Mandal A, Agrahari V, Trinh HM, Joseph M, Ray A, et al. A comprehensive insight on ocular pharmacokinetics. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2016;6(6):735-54.
- Del Amo EM, Rimpelä AK, Heikkinen E, Kari OK, Ramsay E, Lajunen T, et al. Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017;57:134-85.
- Gaudana R, Ananthula HK, Parenky A, Mitra AK. Ocular drug delivery. AAPS J. 2010;12(3):348-60.
- Zhang T, Xiang CD, Gale D, Carreiro S, Wu EY, Zhang EY. Drug transporter and cytochrome P450 mRNA expression in human ocular barriers: implications for ocular drug disposition. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008;36(7):1300-7.
- Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Rabbit as an animal model for intravitreal pharmacokinetics: clinical predictability and quality of the published data. Exp Eye Res. 2015;137:111-24.
- Watsky MA, Jablonski MM, Edelhauser HF. Comparison of conjunctival and corneal surface areas in rabbit and human. Curr Eye Res. 1988;7(5):483-6.
- Maurice D. The effect of the low blink rate in rabbits on topical drug penetration. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 1995;11(3):297-304.
- Mishima S, Gasset A, Klyce SD Jr, Baum JL. Determination of tear volume and tear flow. Invest Ophthalmol. 1966;5(3):264-76.
- Chrai SS, Patton TF, Mehta A, Robinson JR. Lacrimal and instilled fluid dynamics in rabbit eyes. J Pharm Sci. 1973;62(7):1112-21.
- Occhipinti JR, Mosier MA, LaMotte J, Monji GT. Fluorophotometric measurement of human tear turnover rate. Curr Eye Res. 1988;7(10):995-1000.
- Shell JW. Pharmacokinetics of topically applied ophthalmic drugs. Surv Ophthalmol. 1982;26(4):207-18.
- Prausnitz MR, Noonan JS. Permeability of cornea, sclera, and conjunctiva: a literature analysis for drug delivery to the eye. J Pharm Sci. 1998;87(12):1479-88.
- Huang HS, Schoenwald RD, Lach JL. Corneal penetration behavior of beta-blocking agents II: assessment of barrier contributions. J Pharm Sci. 1983;72(11):1272-9.
- Grass GM, Robinson JR. Mechanisms of corneal drug penetration. I: in vivo and in vitro kinetics. J Pharm Sci. 1988;77(1):3-14.
- Grass GM, Robinson JR. Mechanisms of corneal drug penetration. II: ultrastructural analysis of potential pathways for drug movement. J Pharm Sci. 1988;77(1):15-23.
- Schoenwald RD, Huang HS. Corneal penetration behavior of beta-blocking agents I: physiochemical factors. J Pharm Sci. 1983;72(11):1266-72.
- Kidron H, Vellonen KS, del Amo EM, Tissari A, Urtti A. Prediction of the corneal permeability of drug-like compounds. Pharm Res. 2010;27(7):1398-407.
- Ramsay E, Del Amo EM, Toropainen E, Tengvall-Unadike U, Ranta VP, Urtti A, et al. Corneal and conjunctival drug permeability: systematic comparison and pharmacokinetic impact in the eye. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2018;119:83-9.
- Ahmed I, Patton TF. Importance of the noncorneal absorption route in topical ophthalmic drug delivery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985;26(4):584-7.
- Hosoya K, Lee VH, Kim KJ. Roles of the conjunctiva in ocular drug delivery: a review of conjunctival transport mechanisms and their regulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005;60(2):227-40.
- Horibe Y, Hosoya K, Kim KJ, Ogiso T, Lee VH. Polar solute transport across the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva: size dependence and the influence of 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Pharm Res. 1997;14(9):1246-51.
- Ambati J, Canakis CS, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES, Edwards A, Weissgold DJ, et al. Diffusion of high molecular weight compounds through sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(5):1181-5.
- Cunha-Vaz J. The blood-ocular barriers. Surv Ophthalmol. 1979;23(5):279-96.
- Freddo TF. A contemporary concept of the blood-aqueous barrier. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;32:181-95.
- Freddo TF. Shifting the paradigm of the blood-aqueous barrier. Exp Eye Res. 2001;73(5):581-92.
- Bert RJ, Caruthers SD, Jara H, Krejza J, Melhem ER, Kolodny NH, et al. Demonstration of an anterior diffusional pathway for solutes in the normal human eye with high spatial resolution contrast-enhanced dynamic MR imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(12):5153-62.
- Liu P, Thomson BR, Khalatyan N, Feng L, Liu X, Savas JN, et al. Selective permeability of mouse blood-aqueous barrier as determined by ¹⁵N-heavy isotope tracing and mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(36):9032-7.
- Klaassen I, Van Noorden CJ, Schlingemann RO. Molecular basis of the inner blood-retinal barrier and its breakdown in diabetic macular edema and other pathological conditions. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;34:19-48.
- Díaz-Coránguez M, Ramos C, Antonetti DA. The inner blood-retinal barrier: cellular basis and development. Vision Res. 2017;139:123-37.
- Strauss O. The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol Rev. 2005;85(3):845-81.
- Antonetti DA, Klein R, Gardner TW. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(13):1227-39.
- Azhdam AM, Goldberg RA, Ugradar S. In vivo measurement of the human vitreous chamber volume using computed tomography imaging of 100 eyes. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9(1):2.
- Xu J, Heys JJ, Barocas VH, Randolph TW. Permeability and diffusion in vitreous humor: implications for drug delivery. Pharm Res. 2000;17(6):664-9.
- Käsdorf BT, Arends F, Lieleg O. Diffusion regulation in the vitreous humor. Biophys J. 2015;109(10):2171-81.
- Caruso A, Füth M, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Belli S, Diack C, Maass KF, et al. Ocular half-life of intravitreal biologics in humans and other species: meta-analysis and model-based prediction. Mol Pharm. 2020;17(2):695-709.
- Niwa Y, Kakinoki M, Sawada T, Wang X, Ohji M. Ranibizumab and aflibercept: intraocular pharmacokinetics and their effects on aqueous VEGF level in vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized macaque eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(11):6501-5.
- Edington M, Connolly J, Chong NV. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs in vitrectomized versus non-vitrectomized eyes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2017;13(12):1217-24.
- Krohne TU, Eter N, Holz FG, Meyer CH. Intraocular pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab after a single intravitreal injection in humans. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(4):508-12.
- Krohne TU, Liu Z, Holz FG, Meyer CH. Intraocular pharmacokinetics of ranibizumab following a single intravitreal injection in humans. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(4):682-686.e2.
- Do DV, Rhoades W, Nguyen QD. Pharmacokinetic study of intravitreal aflibercept in humans with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2020;40(4):643-7.
- Diack C, Gibiansky L, Jaminion F, Gibiansky E, Gaudreault J, Bogman K, et al. Ocular pharmacokinetics of faricimab following intravitreal administration in patients with retinal disease. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2024;13(11):14.
- Beer PM, Bakri SJ, Singh RJ, Liu W, Peters GB 3rd, Miller M. Intraocular concentration and pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after a single intravitreal injection. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(4):681-6.
- Jakubiak P, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Fueth M, Broders O, Kettenberger H, Stubenrauch K, et al. Ocular pharmacokinetics of intravitreally injected protein therapeutics: comparison among standard-of-care formats. Mol Pharm. 2021;18(6):2208-17.
- Duvvuri S, Janoria KG, Pal D, Mitra AK. Controlled delivery of ganciclovir to the retina with drug-loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres dispersed in PLGA-PEG-PLGA gel. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007;23(3):264-74.
- Bakri SJ, Snyder MR, Reid JM, Pulido JS, Singh RJ. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin). Ophthalmology. 2007;114(5):855-9.
- Bakri SJ, Snyder MR, Reid JM, Pulido JS, Ezzat MK, Singh RJ. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis). Ophthalmology. 2007;114(12):2179-82.
- Mannermaa E, Vellonen KS, Urtti A. Drug transport in corneal epithelium and blood-retina barrier: emerging role of transporters in ocular pharmacokinetics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58(11):1136-63.
- Kumagai AK, Glasgow BJ, Pardridge WM. GLUT1 glucose transporter expression in the diabetic and nondiabetic human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(6):2887-94.
- Chancy CD, Kekuda R, Huang W, Prasad PD, Kuhnel JM, Sirotnak FM, et al. Expression and differential polarization of the reduced-folate transporter-1 and the folate receptor alpha in mammalian retinal pigment epithelium. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(27):20676-84.
- Philp NJ, Yoon H, Grollman EF. Monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 is located in the apical membrane and MCT3 in the basal membrane of rat RPE. Am J Physiol. 1998;274(6):R1824-8.
- Kennedy BG, Mangini NJ. P-glycoprotein expression in human retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Vis. 2002;8:422-30.
- Constable PA, Lawrenson JG, Dolman DE, Arden GB, Abbott NJ. P-glycoprotein expression in human retinal pigment epithelium cell lines. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83(1):24-30.
- Aukunuru JV, Sunkara G, Bandi N, Thoreson WB, Kompella UB. Expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in human retinal pigment epithelial cells and its interaction with BAPSG, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor. Pharm Res. 2001;18(5):565-72.
- Anand BS, Mitra AK. Mechanism of corneal permeation of L-valyl ester of acyclovir: targeting the oligopeptide transporter on the rabbit cornea. Pharm Res. 2002;19(8):1194-202.
- Ranta VP, Urtti A. Transscleral drug delivery to the posterior eye: prospects of pharmacokinetic modeling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2006;58(11):1164-81.
- Patel SR, Lin AS, Edelhauser HF, Prausnitz MR. Suprachoroidal drug delivery to the back of the eye using hollow microneedles. Pharm Res. 2011;28(1):166-76.
- Patel SR, Berezovsky DE, McCarey BE, Zarnitsyn V, Edelhauser HF, Prausnitz MR. Targeted administration into the suprachoroidal space using a microneedle for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(8):4433-41.
- Chiang B, Jung JH, Prausnitz MR. The suprachoroidal space as a route of administration to the posterior segment of the eye. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018;126:58-66.
- Farkouh A, Frigo P, Czejka M. Systemic side effects of eye drops: a pharmacokinetic perspective. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:2433-41.
- Urtti A, Salminen L. Minimizing systemic absorption of topically administered ophthalmic drugs. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;37(6):435-56.
- Zimmerman TJ, Kooner KS, Kandarakis AS, Ziegler LP. Improving the therapeutic index of topically applied ocular drugs. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(4):551-3.
- Ellis PP, Wu PY, Pfoff DS, Bloedow DC, Riegel MR. Effect of nasolacrimal occlusion on timolol concentrations in the aqueous humor of the human eye. J Pharm Sci. 1992;81(3):219-20.
- Zimmerman TJ, Sharir M, Nardin GF, Fuqua M. Therapeutic index of pilocarpine, carbachol, and timolol with nasolacrimal occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;114(1):1-7.
- Kaila T, Huupponen R, Salminen L. Effects of eyelid closure and nasolacrimal duct occlusion on the systemic absorption of ocular timolol in human subjects. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1986;2(4):365-9.
- Nieminen T, Lehtimäki T, Mäenpää J, Ropo A, Uusitalo H, Kähönen M. Ophthalmic timolol: plasma concentration and systemic cardiopulmonary effects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2007;67(2):237-45.
- Diggory P, Heyworth P, Chau G, McKenzie S, Sharma A. Unsuspected bronchospasm in association with topical timolol: a common problem in elderly people. Can we easily identify those affected and do cardioselective agents lead to improvement? Age Ageing. 1994;23(1):17-21.
- Stavert B, McGuinness MB, Harper CA, Guymer RH, Finger RP. Cardiovascular adverse effects of phenylephrine eyedrops: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(6):647-52.
- Rimpelä AK, Reinisalo M, Hellinen L, Grazhdankin E, Kidron H, Urtti A, et al. Implications of melanin binding in ocular drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018;126:23-43.
- Salazar-Bookaman MM, Wainer I, Patil PN. Relevance of drug-melanin interactions to ocular pharmacology and toxicology. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1994;10(1):217-39.
- Bahrpeyma S, Jakubiak P, Alvarez-Sánchez R, Caruso A, Leuthardt M, Senn C, et al. Comprehensive pharmacokinetic evaluation of high melanin binder levofloxacin in rabbits shows potential of topical eye drops for posterior segment treatment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65(12):14.
- Valtari A, Kalinin S, Jäntti J, Vanhanen P, Hanzlikova M, Tonduru A, et al. Melanin-binding-based discovery of topically instilled carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for targeted delivery and prolonged action in the eye. Mol Pharm. 2025;22(2):721-32.
- Schroeder RL, Gerber JP. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine binding to melanin: some possible consequences for pathologies. Toxicol Rep. 2014;1:963-8.
- Toropainen E, Ranta VP, Talvitie A, Suhonen P, Urtti A. Culture model of human corneal epithelium for prediction of ocular drug absorption. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(12):2942-8.
- Agarwal P, Rupenthal ID. In vitro and ex vivo corneal penetration and absorption models. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2016;6(6):634-47.
- Boddu SHS, Gunda S, Earla R, Mitra AK. Ocular microdialysis: a continuous sampling technique to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the eye. Bioanalysis. 2010;2(3):487-507.
- Dias CS, Mitra AK. Posterior segment ocular pharmacokinetics using microdialysis in a conscious rabbit model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(1):300-5.
- Sadeghi A, Subrizi A, Del Amo EM, Urtti A. Mathematical models of ocular drug delivery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65(11):28.
- Le Merdy M, AlQaraghuli F, Tan ML, Walenga R, Babiskin A, Zhao L, et al. Clinical ocular exposure extrapolation for ophthalmic solutions using PBPK modeling and simulation. Pharm Res. 2023;40(2):431-47.
- Dey S, Patel J, Anand BS, Jain-Vakkalagadda B, Kaliki P, Pal D, et al. Molecular evidence and functional expression of P-glycoprotein (MDR1) in human and rabbit cornea and corneal epithelial cell lines. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(7):2909-18.
- Vellonen KS, Mannermaa E, Turner H, Häkli M, Wolosin JM, Tervo T, et al. Effluxing ABC transporters in human corneal epithelium. J Pharm Sci. 2010;99(2):1087-98.
- Diehl DL, Robin AL, Wand M. The influence of iris pigmentation on the miotic effect of thymoxamine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111(3):351-5.
- Emiru VP. Response to mydriatics in the African. Br J Ophthalmol. 1971;55(8):538-43.
- Richardson RW. Comparing the mydriatic effect of tropicamide with respect to iris pigmentation. J Am Optom Assoc. 1982;53(11):885-7.
- Zimmerman TJ, Kooner KS, Kandarakis AS, Ziegler LP. Improving the therapeutic index of topically applied ocular drugs. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102(4):551-3.
- Yeh S, Khurana RN, Shah M, Henry CR, Wang RC, Kissner JM, et al; PEACHTREE Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal CLS-TA for macular edema secondary to noninfectious uveitis: phase 3 randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(7):948-55.
- Barry P, Seal DV, Gettinby G, Lees F, Peterson M, Revie CW; ESCRS Endophthalmitis Study Group. ESCRS study of prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery: preliminary report of principal results from a European multicenter study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32(3):407-10.
- Endophthalmitis Study Group, European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons. Prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: results of the ESCRS multicenter study and identification of risk factors. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(6):978-88.
- Haripriya A, Chang DF, Ravindran RD. Endophthalmitis reduction with intracameral moxifloxacin prophylaxis: analysis of 600 000 surgeries. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(2):302-8.
- Haripriya A, Chang DF, Ravindran RD. Endophthalmitis reduction with intracameral moxifloxacin in eyes with and without surgical complications: results from 2 million consecutive cataract surgeries. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019;45(9):1226-33.
- Avery RL, Bakri SJ, Blumenkranz MS, Brucker AJ, Cunningham ET Jr, D’Amico DJ, et al. Intravitreal injection technique and monitoring: updated guidelines of an expert panel. Retina. 2014;34 Suppl 12:S1-S18.
- Eljarrat-Binstock E, Domb AJ. Iontophoresis: a non-invasive ocular drug delivery. J Control Release. 2006;110(3):479-89.
- Cohen AE, Assang C, Patane MA, From S, Korenfeld M; Avion Study Investigators. Evaluation of dexamethasone phosphate delivered by ocular iontophoresis for treating noninfectious anterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(1):66-73.
- Sheppard JD, Foster CS, Toyos MM, Kempen JH, Kaur P, Peterson MR, et al. Iontophoretic dexamethasone phosphate compared to topical prednisolone acetate 1% for noninfectious anterior segment uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;211:76-86.
- Goldstein MH, Silva FQ, Blender N, Tran T, Vantipalli S. Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions. Eye (Lond). 2022;36(2):361-8.
- Baudouin C, Labbé A, Liang H, Pauly A, Brignole-Baudouin F. Preservatives in eyedrops: the good, the bad and the ugly. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29(4):312-34.
- Aguayo Bonniard A, Yeung JY, Chan CC, Birt CM. Ocular surface toxicity from glaucoma topical medications and associated preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride (BAK). Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12(11):1279-89.
- Kahook MY, Rapuano CJ, Messmer EM, Radcliffe NM, Galor A, Baudouin C. Preservatives and ocular surface disease: a review. Ocul Surf. 2024;34:213-24.
- Acheampong AA, Small D, Baumgarten V, Welty D, Tang-Liu D. Formulation effects on ocular absorption of brimonidine in rabbit eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2002;18(4):325-37.
- Aihara M, Oshima H, Araie M; EXTraKT Study Group. Effects of SofZia-preserved travoprost and benzalkonium chloride-preserved latanoprost on the ocular surface: a multicentre randomized single-masked study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91(1):e7-14.
- Hedengran A, Steensberg AT, Virgili G, Azuara-Blanco A, Kolko M. Efficacy and safety evaluation of benzalkonium chloride preserved eye-drops compared with alternatively preserved and preservative-free eye-drops in the treatment of glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(11):1512-8.
- Dikmetaş Ö, Deniz Y, Kocabeyoğlu S, Başol M, İrkeç M. The value of fortified aminoglycoside/cephalosporin treatment as first-line treatment and in fluoroquinolone-resistant bacterial keratitis. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2020;50(5):258-63.
- Sharma A, Kondo M, Iwahashi C, Parachuri N, Kumar N, Bandello F, et al. Approved biosimilar ranibizumab — a global update. Eye (Lond). 2023;37(2):200-2.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first interchangeable biosimilars to Eylea (aflibercept) to treat macular degeneration and other eye conditions [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA; 2024. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-first-interchangeable-biosimilars-eylea-treat-macular-degeneration-and-other-eye
- Newman-Casey PA, Robin AL, Blachley T, Farris K, Heisler M, Resnicow K, et al. The most common barriers to glaucoma medication adherence: a cross-sectional survey. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(7):1308-16.
- Bairagi RD, Reon RR, Hasan MM, Islam Z, Rahman MS, Roy A, et al. Ocular drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology: a comprehensive review for the treatment of eye diseases. Discov Nano. 2025;20(1):75.
- Baig MS, Karade SK, Ahmad A, Khan MA, Haque A, Webster TJ, et al. Lipid-based nanoparticles: innovations in ocular drug delivery. Front Mol Biosci. 2024;11:1421959.
- Lallemand F, Schmitt M, Bourges JL, Gurny R, Benita S, Garrigue JS. Cyclosporine A delivery to the eye: a comprehensive review of academic and industrial efforts. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2017;117:14-28.
- Lallemand F, Daull P, Benita S, Buggage R, Garrigue JS. Successfully improving ocular drug delivery using the cationic nanoemulsion, Novasorb. J Drug Deliv. 2012;2012:604204.
- Leonardi A, Van Setten G, Amrane M, Ismail D, Garrigue JS, Figueiredo FC, et al. Efficacy and safety of 0.1% cyclosporine A cationic emulsion in the treatment of severe dry eye disease: a multicenter randomized trial (SANSIKA). Eur J Ophthalmol. 2016;26(4):287-96.
- Lyseng-Williamson KA. Cationorm (cationic emulsion eye drops) in dry eye disease: a guide to its use. Drugs Ther Perspect. 2016;32(8):317-22.
- Cholkar K, Patel A, Vadlapudi AD, Mitra AK. Novel nanomicellar formulation approaches for anterior and posterior segment ocular drug delivery. Recent Pat Nanomed. 2012;2(2):82-95.
- Irimia T, Dinu-Pîrvu CE, Ghica MV, Lupuleasa D, Muntean DL, Udeanu DI, et al. Chitosan-based in situ gels for ocular delivery of therapeutics: a state-of-the-art review. Mar Drugs. 2018;16(10):373.
- Wu Y, Liu Y, Li X, Kebebe D, Zhang B, Ren J, et al. Research progress of in-situ gelling ophthalmic drug delivery system. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2019;14(1):1-15.
- Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, Blumenkranz MS, Gillies M, Heier J, et al; OZURDEX GENEVA Study Group. Randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(6):1134-1146.e3.
- Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R Jr, Bandello F, Maturi RK, Augustin AJ, et al; Ozurdex MEAD Study Group. Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(10):1904-14.
- Medeiros FA, Walters TR, Kolko M, Coote M, Bejanian M, Goodkin ML, et al; ARTEMIS 1 Study Group. Phase 3, randomized, 20-month study of bimatoprost implant in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension (ARTEMIS 1). Ophthalmology. 2020;127(12):1627-41.
- Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, Ciulla T, Boyer D, Holz FG, et al; FAME Study Group. Long-term benefit of sustained-delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):626-635.e2.
- Jaffe GJ, Foster CS, Pavesio CE, Paggiarino DA, Riedel GE. Effect of an injectable fluocinolone acetonide insert on recurrence rates in chronic noninfectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment: twelve-month results. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(4):601-10.
- Campochiaro PA, Marcus DM, Awh CC, Regillo C, Adamis AP, Bantseev V, et al. The port delivery system with ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results from the randomized phase 2 Ladder clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(8):1141-54.
- Holekamp NM, Campochiaro PA, Chang MA, Miller D, Pieramici D, Adamis AP, et al; Archway Investigators. Archway randomized phase 3 trial of the port delivery system with ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2022;129(3):295-307.
- Khanani AM, Aziz AA, Weng CY, Danzig CJ, Yiu G, Kiss S, et al. Port delivery system: a novel drug delivery platform to treat retinal diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2021;18(11):1571-6.
- Tyson SL, Bafna S, Gira JP, Goldberg DF, Jones JJ, Jones MP, et al. Multicenter randomized phase 3 study of a sustained-release intracanalicular dexamethasone insert for treatment of ocular inflammation and pain after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019;45(2):204-12.
- Brandt JD, Sall K, DuBiner H, Benza R, Alster Y, Walker G, et al; Bimatoprost Ocular Insert Study Group. Six-month intraocular pressure reduction with a topical bimatoprost ocular insert: results of a phase II randomized controlled study. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(8):1685-94.
- Rowe LW, Ciulla TA. Gene therapy for non-hereditary retinal disease: age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and beyond. Genes (Basel). 2024;15(6):720.
- Campochiaro PA, Avery R, Brown DM, Heier JS, Ho AC, Huddleston SM, et al. Gene therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration by subretinal delivery of RGX-314: a phase 1/2a dose-escalation study. Lancet. 2024;403(10436):1563-73.
- Khanani AM, Boyer DS, Wykoff CC, Regillo CD, Busbee BG, Pieramici D, et al. Safety and efficacy of ixoberogene soroparvovec in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the United States (OPTIC): a prospective, two-year, multicentre phase 1 study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;67:102394.
- Russell S, Bennett J, Wellman JA, Chung DC, Yu ZF, Tillman A, et al. Efficacy and safety of voretigene neparvovec (AAV2-hRPE65v2) in patients with RPE65-mediated inherited retinal dystrophy: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10097):849-60.
- Tan G, Ioannou N, Mathew E, Tagalakis AD, Lamprou DA, Yu-Wai-Man C. 3D printing in ophthalmology: from medical implants to personalised medicine. Int J Pharm. 2022;625:122094.
- Konstas AG, Labbé A, Katsanos A, Meier-Gibbons F, Irkec M, Boboridis KG, et al. The treatment of glaucoma using topical preservative-free agents: an evaluation of safety and tolerability. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021;20(4):453-66.
- Burcu A, Dogan E, Yalniz-Akkaya Z, Ornek F, Onaran Z. Early amniotic membrane transplantation for toxic keratopathy secondary to topical proparacaine abuse: a report of seven cases. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2013;32(3):241-7.
- Guidera AC, Luchs JI, Udell IJ. Keratitis, ulceration, and perforation associated with topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(5):936-44.
- Parikh CH, Edelhauser HF. Ocular surgical pharmacology: corneal endothelial safety and toxicity. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2003;14(4):178-85.
- Rajan TV. The Gell-Coombs classification of hypersensitivity reactions: a re-interpretation. Trends Immunol. 2003;24(7):376-9.
- Dispenza MC. Classification of hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019;40(6):470-3.
- Borzova E, Snarskaya E, Bratkovskaya A. Eyelid dermatitis in patch-tested adult patients: a systematic review with a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):18791.
- Kohanim S, Palioura S, Saeed HN, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Basu S, et al. Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis — a comprehensive review and guide to therapy. I. Systemic disease. Ocul Surf. 2016;14(1):2-19.
- Trubiano JA, Ostrov DA, Phillips EJ. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: epidemiology, genetics, and insights into mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(8):2854-6.
- Her Y, Kil MS, Park JH, Kim CW, Kim SS. Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by acetazolamide. J Dermatol. 2011;38(3):272-5.
- Ueta M. Pathogenesis of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis with severe ocular complications. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:651247.
- Kohanim S, Palioura S, Saeed HN, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Basu S, et al. Acute and chronic ophthalmic involvement in Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis — a comprehensive review and guide to therapy. II. Ophthalmic disease. Ocul Surf. 2016;14(2):168-88.
- Adriaens E, Barroso J, Eskes C, Hoffmann S, McNamee P, Alépée N, et al. Retrospective analysis of the Draize test for serious eye damage/eye irritation: importance of understanding the in vivo endpoints under UN GHS/EU CLP for the development and evaluation of in vitro test methods. Arch Toxicol. 2014;88(3):701-23.
- Lee M, Hwang JH, Lim KM. Alternatives to in vivo Draize rabbit eye and skin irritation tests with a focus on 3D reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium and epidermis models. Toxicol Res. 2017;33(3):191-203.
- Kolle SN, Rey Moreno MC, Mayer W, van Cott A, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. The EpiOcular eye irritation test is the method of choice for the in vitro eye irritation testing of agrochemical formulations. Altern Lab Anim. 2015;43(3):181-98.
- Mamalis N, Edelhauser HF, Dawson DG, Chew J, LeBoyer RM, Werner L. Toxic anterior segment syndrome. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2006;32(2):324-33.
- Park CY, Lee JK, Chuck RS. Toxic anterior segment syndrome — an updated review. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18(1):276.
- Verma L, Malik A, Maharana PK, Dada T. Toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS): a review and update. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2024;72(1):11-8.
- Mäenpää J, Volotinen-Maja M, Kautiainen H, Neuvonen M, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, et al. Paroxetine markedly increases plasma concentrations of ophthalmic timolol; CYP2D6 inhibitors may increase the risk of cardiovascular adverse effects of 0.5% timolol eye drops. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014;42(12):2068-76.
- Volotinen M, Hakkola J, Pelkonen O, Vapaatalo H, Mäenpää J. Metabolism of ophthalmic timolol: new aspects of an old drug. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;108(5):297-303.
- Minish T, Herd A. Symptomatic bradycardia secondary to interaction between topical timolol maleate, verapamil, and flecainide: a case report. J Emerg Med. 2002;22(3):247-9.
- Pratt N, Ramsay E, Kalisch Ellett LM, Nguyen TA, Roughead EE. Association between ophthalmic timolol and hospitalisation for bradycardia. J Ophthalmol. 2015;2015:567387.
- Abbas SA, Hamadani SM, Ahmad U, Desai A, Kitchloo K. Ophthalmic timolol and hospitalization for symptomatic bradycardia and syncope: a case series. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7270.
- American Academy of Ophthalmology. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Preferred Practice Pattern [Internet]. San Francisco (CA): AAO. Disponible en: https://www.aao.org/education/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-open-angle-glaucoma-ppp
- Davies I, Williams AM, Muir KW. Aids for eye drop administration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017;62(3):332-45.
- Sweeney KR, Chapron DJ, Brandt JL, Gomolin IH, Feig PU, Kramer PA. Toxic interaction between acetazolamide and salicylate: case reports and a pharmacokinetic explanation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986;40(5):518-24.
- Anderson CJ, Kaufman PL, Sturm RJ. Toxicity of combined therapy with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and aspirin. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;86(4):516-9.
- Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT, Jensvold B. Adverse systemic effects from pledgets of topical ocular phenylephrine 10%. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(4):624-5.
- Alphagan P (brimonidine tartrate) / Iopidine (apraclonidine) — Prescribing Information [Internet]. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Disponible en: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/
- Pooniya V, Pandey N. Systemic toxicity of topical cyclopentolate eyedrops in a child. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(10):1391-2.
- Serralabós-Ferré J, Barceló-Carceller I. Anticholinergic syndrome due to mydriatic drops intoxication in a child: a case report. Toxicol Rep. 2025;14:101889.
- Wilkinson JT, Fraunfelder FW. Use of herbal medicines and nutritional supplements in ocular disorders: an evidence-based review. Drugs. 2011;71(18):2421-34.
- Asher GN, Corbett AH, Hawke RL. Common herbal dietary supplement-drug interactions. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(2):101-7.
- Mai NTQ, Hieu NV, Ngan TT, Van Anh T, Van Linh P, Thu Phuong NT. Impact of Ginkgo biloba drug interactions on bleeding risk and coagulation profiles: a comprehensive analysis. PLoS One. 2025;20(4):e0321804.
- Tomida I, Pertwee RG, Azuara-Blanco A. Cannabinoids and glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(5):708-13.
- Bondok M, Nguyen AX, Lando L, Wu AY. Adverse ocular impact and emerging therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids: a narrative review. Clin Ophthalmol. 2024;18:3529-56.
- Nieminen T, Uusitalo H, Mäenpää J, Turjanmaa V, Rane A, Lundgren S, et al. Polymorphisms of genes CYP2D6, ADRB1 and GNAS1 in pharmacokinetics and systemic effects of ophthalmic timolol. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;61(11):811-9.
- Bollinger A, Jeiziner C, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Hersberger KE, Allemann SS, Stäuble CK. Severe systemic adverse reactions to ophthalmic timolol in a CYP2D6 homozygous *4 allele carrier: a case report. Pharmacogenomics. 2023;24(14):739-46.
- Sakurai M, Higashide T, Takahashi M, Sugiyama K. Association between genetic polymorphisms of the prostaglandin F2alpha receptor gene and response to latanoprost. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(6):1039-45.
- McCarty CA, Berg R, Patchett R, Wilke RA, Burmester JK. Lack of association between polymorphisms in the prostaglandin F2α receptor and solute carrier organic anion transporter family 2A1 genes and intraocular pressure response to prostaglandin analogs. Ophthalmic Genet. 2012;33(2):74-6.
- Zhou L, Zhan W, Wei X. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of prostaglandin analogues in glaucoma. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1015338.
- Hagstrom SA, Ying GS, Pauer GJ, Sturgill-Short GM, Huang J, Callanan DG, et al. Pharmacogenetics for genes associated with age-related macular degeneration in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT). Ophthalmology. 2013;120(3):593-9.
- Lotery AJ, Gibson J, Cree AJ, Downes SM, Harding SP, Rogers CA, et al. Pharmacogenetic associations with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in participants with neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the IVAN Study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(12):2637-43.
- Vavvas DG, Small KW, Awh CC, Zanke BW, Tibshirani RJ, Kustra R. CFH and ARMS2 genetic risk determines progression to neovascular age-related macular degeneration after antioxidant and zinc supplementation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(4):E696-704.
- Chew EY, Klein ML, Clemons TE, Agrón E, Ratnapriya R, Edwards AO, et al. No clinically significant association between CFH and ARMS2 genotypes and response to nutritional supplements: AREDS report number 38. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(11):2173-80.
- Lonjou C, Borot N, Sekula P, Ledger N, Thomas L, Halevy S, et al. A European study of HLA-B in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008;18(2):99-107.
- Carlsen JO, Zabriskie NA, Kwon YH, Barbe ME, Scott WE. Apparent central nervous system depression in infants after the use of topical brimonidine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(2):255-6.
- Gul F, Shah M, Waqar M, Bassi R, Shah S, Sethi N. Severe central nervous system and respiratory depression in a neonate following accidental oral ingestion of brimonidine tartrate. Cureus. 2024;16(6):e63124.
- Flach AJ. The importance of eyelid closure and nasolacrimal occlusion following the ocular instillation of topical glaucoma medications, and the need for the universal inclusion of one of these techniques in all patient treatments and clinical studies. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2008;106:138-48.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Phenylephrine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 2.5% and 10% — Highlights of prescribing information (NDA 203510) [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/203510s005lbl.pdf
- Joachimsen L, Farassat N, Bleul T, Böhringer D, Lagrèze WA, Reich M. Side effects of topical atropine 0.05% compared to 0.01% for myopia control in German school children: a pilot study. Int Ophthalmol. 2021;41(6):2001-8.
- Enyedi LB, Freedman SF. Safety and efficacy of brimonidine in children with glaucoma. J AAPOS. 2001;5(5):281-4.
- Blattner CM, Danesh M, Safaee M, Murase JE. Understanding the new FDA pregnancy and lactation labeling rules. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2016;2(1):5-7.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling (Drugs) Final Rule [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/labeling-information-drug-products/pregnancy-and-lactation-labeling-drugs-final-rule
- Razeghinejad MR. Glaucoma medications in pregnancy. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(3):195-9.
- Sethi HS, Naik M, Gupta VS. Management of glaucoma in pregnancy: risks or choices, a dilemma? Int J Ophthalmol. 2016;9(11):1684-90.
- Demarinis G, Tatti F, Taloni A, Giugliano AV, Panthagani J, Myerscough J, et al. Treatments for ocular diseases in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a narrative review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(10):1433.
- Chak G, Patel R, Allingham RR. Acetazolamide: considerations for systemic administration [Internet]. EyeNet Magazine (American Academy of Ophthalmology); 2015. Disponible en: https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/acetazolamide-considerations-systemic-administrati
- Wilhelmus KR, Gee L, Hauck WW, Kurinij N, Dawson CR, Jones DB, et al. Herpetic Eye Disease Study. A controlled trial of topical corticosteroids for herpes simplex stromal keratitis. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(12):1883-95.
- American Academy of Ophthalmology. Herpes simplex virus keratitis: a treatment guideline [Internet]. 2014. Disponible en: https://www.aao.org/education/clinical-statement/herpes-simplex-virus-keratitis-treatment-guideline
- Schwartz GF, Quigley HA. Adherence and persistence with glaucoma therapy. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53 Suppl 1:S57-68.
- Quaranta L, Novella A, Tettamanti M, Pasina L, Weinreb RN, Nobili A. Adherence and persistence to medical therapy in glaucoma: an overview. Ophthalmol Ther. 2023;12(5):2227-40.
- Friedman DS, Quigley HA, Gelb L, Tan J, Margolis J, Shah SN, et al. Using pharmacy claims data to study adherence to glaucoma medications: methodology and findings of the Glaucoma Adherence and Persistency Study (GAPS). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(11):5052-7.
- Newman-Casey PA, Niziol LM, Gillespie BW, Janz NK, Lichter PR, Musch DC. The association between medication adherence and visual field progression in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(4):477-83.
- Muir KW, Lee PP. Health literacy and ophthalmic patient education. Surv Ophthalmol. 2010;55(5):454-9.
- Stone JL, Robin AL, Novack GD, Covert DW, Cagle GD. An objective evaluation of eyedrop instillation in patients with glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(6):732-6.
- Higginbotham EJ. Considerations in glaucoma therapy: fixed combinations versus their component medications. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:1-9.
- Shirai C, Matsuoka N, Nakazawa T. Comparison of adherence between fixed and unfixed topical combination glaucoma therapies using a Japanese healthcare/pharmacy claims database: a retrospective non-interventional cohort study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021;21(1):52.
- Boland MV, Chang DS, Frazier T, Plyler R, Jefferys JL, Friedman DS. Automated telecommunication-based reminders and adherence with once-daily glaucoma medication dosing: the Automated Dosing Reminder Study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(7):845-50.
- Erras A, Shahrvini B, Weinreb RN, Baxter SL. Review of glaucoma medication adherence monitoring in the digital health era. Br J Ophthalmol. 2023;107(2):153-9.
- Newman-Casey PA, Weizer JS, Heisler M, Lee PP, Stein JD. Systematic review of educational interventions to improve glaucoma medication adherence. Semin Ophthalmol. 2013;28(3):191-201.
- Cook PF, Schmiege SJ, Mansberger SL, Sheppler C, Kammer J, Fitzgerald T, et al. Motivational interviewing or reminders for glaucoma medication adherence? Results of a multi-site randomised controlled trial. Psychol Health. 2017;32(2):145-65.
- Kruoch Z, Amin P, Shelton E, Zimmerman AB, Stephey E, Hunter M, et al. Multifaceted behavioral interventions to improve topical glaucoma therapy adherence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;6(6):CD015788.
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS/NIH). Phases of clinical trials [Internet]. Disponible en: https://toolkit.ncats.nih.gov/glossary/phases-of-clinical-trials/
- DiMasi JA, Grabowski HG, Hansen RW. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of R&D costs. J Health Econ. 2016;47:20-33.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: expedited programs for serious conditions — drugs and biologics [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/expedited-programs-serious-conditions-drugs-and-biologics
- European Medicines Agency. How EMA evaluates medicines for human use [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/about-us/what-we-do/authorisation-medicines/how-ema-evaluates-medicines-human-use
- European Medicines Agency. European public assessment report (EPAR) — glossary [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/glossary-terms/european-public-assessment-report
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS). Registro de medicamentos [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentos-de-uso-humano/registro-de-medicamentos/
- International Council for Harmonisation. ICH E6(R3) guideline for good clinical practice — Step 4 [Internet]. 2025. Disponible en: https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/ICH_E6(R3)_Step4_FinalGuideline_2025_0106.pdf
- Martin DF, Maguire MG, Ying GS, Grunwald JE, Fine SL, Jaffe GJ; CATT Research Group. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(20):1897-908.
- Weinreb RN, Kaufman PL. Glaucoma research community and FDA look to the future, II: NEI/FDA Glaucoma Clinical Trial Design and Endpoints Symposium: measures of structural change and visual function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(11):7842-51.
- Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, Johnson CA, Keltner JL, Miller JP, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(6):701-13.
- Chakravarthy U, Harding SP, Rogers CA, Downes SM, Lotery AJ, Wordsworth S, et al; IVAN Study Investigators. Ranibizumab versus bevacizumab to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration: one-year findings from the IVAN randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(7):1399-411.
- Real Decreto 1015/2009, de 19 de junio, por el que se regula la disponibilidad de medicamentos en situaciones especiales. BOE núm. 174. Disponible en: https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2009-12002
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS). Acceso a medicamentos en situaciones especiales [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentos-de-uso-humano/acceso-a-medicamentos-en-situaciones-especiales/
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS). Sistema Español de Farmacovigilancia de Medicamentos de Uso Humano (SEFV-H) [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentos-de-uso-humano/farmacovigilancia-de-medicamentos-de-uso-humano/
- Real Decreto 577/2013, de 26 de julio, por el que se regula la farmacovigilancia de medicamentos de uso humano. BOE núm. 179. Disponible en: https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2013-8191
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/surveillance/fdas-adverse-event-reporting-system-faers
- Cochrane Eyes and Vision. Database of systematic reviews in eyes and vision [Internet]. Disponible en: https://eyes.cochrane.org/
- Solomon SD, Lindsley K, Vedula SS, Krzystolik MG, Hawkins BS. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;3(3):CD005139.
- Stein JD, Newman-Casey PA, Mrinalini T, Lee PP, Hutton DW. Cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab and ranibizumab for newly diagnosed neovascular macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(4):936-45.
- Dakin HA, Wordsworth S, Rogers CA, Abangma G, Raftery J, Harding SP, et al; IVAN Study Investigators. Cost-effectiveness of ranibizumab and bevacizumab for age-related macular degeneration: 2-year findings from the IVAN randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e005094.
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS). Informes de Posicionamiento Terapéutico (IPT) [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentos-de-uso-humano/evaluacion-de-tecnologias-sanitarias/informes-de-posicionamiento-terapeutico/
- World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki — ethical principles for medical research involving human participants [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki/
- Levison ME, Levison JH. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009;23(4):791-815.
- Craig WA. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26(1):1-10.
- McCulley JP, Caudle D, Aronowicz JD, Shine WE. Fourth-generation fluoroquinolone penetration into the aqueous humor in humans. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):955-9.
- Brockhaus L, Goldblum D, Eggenschwiler L, Zimmerli S, Marzolini C. Revisiting systemic treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis: a review of intravitreal penetration of systemic antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(11):1364-9.
- World Health Organization. Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025 [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; 2025. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240116337
- Asbell PA, Sanfilippo CM, Pillar CM, DeCory HH, Sahm DF, Morris TW. Antibiotic resistance among ocular pathogens in the United States: five-year results from the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) Surveillance Study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(12):1445-54.
- Asbell PA, Sanfilippo CM, Sahm DF, DeCory HH. Trends in antibiotic resistance among ocular microorganisms in the United States from 2009 to 2018. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(5):439-50.
- Bispo PJM, Sahm DF, Asbell PA. A systematic review of multi-decade antibiotic resistance data for ocular bacterial pathogens in the United States. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11(2):503-20.
- Lin A, Rhee MK, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, et al; American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Cornea and External Disease Panel. Bacterial keratitis preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(1):P1-P55.
- Ung L, Wang Y, Vangel M, Davies EC, Gardiner M, Bispo PJM, et al. Validation of a comprehensive clinical algorithm for the assessment and treatment of microbial keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;214:97-109.
- Ting DSJ, Ho CS, Deshmukh R, Said DG, Dua HS. Infectious keratitis: an update on epidemiology, causative microorganisms, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance. Eye (Lond). 2021;35(4):1084-101.
- Campochiaro PA, Conway BP. Aminoglycoside toxicity in the treatment of endophthalmitis. The Aminoglycoside Toxicity Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(1):48-53.
- McDonald HR, Schatz H, Allen AW, Chenoweth RG, Cohen HB, Crawford JB, et al. Retinal toxicity secondary to intraocular gentamicin injection. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(7):871-7.
- Mah FS. Fourth-generation fluoroquinolones: new topical agents in the war on ocular bacterial infections. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004;15(4):316-20.
- Comstock TL, Karpecki PM, Morris TW, Zhang JZ. Besifloxacin: a novel anti-infective for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:215-25.
- Wilhelmus KR, Abshire RL. Corneal ciprofloxacin precipitation during bacterial keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(6):1032-7.
- Haas W, Pillar CM, Torres M, Morris TW, Sahm DF. Monitoring antibiotic resistance in ocular microorganisms: results from the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular micRorganisms (ARMOR) 2009 surveillance study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152(4):567-574.e3.
- Opitz DL, Harthan JS. Review of azithromycin ophthalmic 1% solution (AzaSite®) for the treatment of ocular infections. Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2012;4:1-14.
- Friedlaender MH, Protzko E. Clinical development of 1% azithromycin in DuraSite, a topical azalide anti-infective for ocular surface therapy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1(1):3-10.
- Geerling G, Tauber J, Baudouin C, Goto E, Matsumoto Y, O’Brien T, et al. The International Workshop on Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: report of the Subcommittee on Management and Treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(4):2050-64.
- Yi K, Chung IY, Kim SW, Seo SW, Yoo JM. The wound healing effect of doxycycline after corneal alkali burn in rats. J Ophthalmol. 2019;2019:5168652.
- Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study Group. Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study. A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(12):1479-96.
- Witkin AJ, Chang DF, Jumper JM, Charles S, Eliott D, Hoffman RS, et al. Vancomycin-associated hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics of 36 eyes. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(5):583-95.
- Laporte JR, Vidal X, Ballarín E, Ibáñez L. Possible association between ocular chloramphenicol and aplastic anaemia — the absolute risk is very low. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;46(2):181-4.
- Speaker MG, Menikoff JA. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(12):1769-75.
- Lim N, Goh D, Bunce C, Xing W, Fraenkel G, Poole TRG, et al. Comparison of polyhexamethylene biguanide and chlorhexidine as monotherapy agents in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(1):130-5.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. NATACYN (natamycin ophthalmic suspension) 5% — prescribing information [Internet]. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Disponible en: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/
- Lalitha P, Shapiro BL, Srinivasan M, Prajna NV, Acharya NR, Fothergill AW, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Fusarium, Aspergillus, and other filamentous fungi isolated from keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(6):789-93.
- Danielescu C, Stanca HT, Iorga RE, Darabus DM, Potop V. The diagnosis and treatment of fungal endophthalmitis: an update. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(3):679.
- Hariprasad SM, Mieler WF, Holz ER, Gao H, Kim JE, Chi J, et al. Determination of vitreous, aqueous, and plasma concentration of orally administered voriconazole in humans. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(1):42-7.
- Kalavathy CM, Parmar P, Kaliamurthy J, Philip VR, Ramalingam MD, Jesudasan CA, et al. Comparison of topical itraconazole 1% with topical natamycin 5% for the treatment of filamentous fungal keratitis. Cornea. 2005;24(4):449-52.
- Prajna NV, John RK, Nirmalan PK, Lalitha P, Srinivasan M. A randomised clinical trial comparing 2% econazole and 5% natamycin for the treatment of fungal keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(10):1235-7.
- Goldblum D, Frueh BE, Sarra GM, Katsoulis K, Zimmerli S. Ocular penetration of caspofungin in a rabbit uveitis model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245(6):825-33.
- Prajna NV, Krishnan T, Mascarenhas J, Rajaraman R, Prajna L, Srinivasan M, et al; Mycotic Ulcer Treatment Trial Group. The Mycotic Ulcer Treatment Trial: a randomized trial comparing natamycin vs voriconazole. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(4):422-9.
- Prajna NV, Krishnan T, Rajaraman R, Patel S, Srinivasan M, Das M, et al; Mycotic Ulcer Treatment Trial II Group. Effect of oral voriconazole on fungal keratitis in the Mycotic Ulcer Treatment Trial II (MUTT II): a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(12):1365-72.
- FlorCruz NV, Evans JR. Medical interventions for fungal keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD004241.
- Sharma N, Chacko J, Velpandian T, Titiyal JS, Sinha R, Satpathy G, et al. Comparative evaluation of topical versus intrastromal voriconazole as an adjunct to natamycin in recalcitrant fungal keratitis. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(4):677-81.
- Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(4):e1-e50.
- Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, Fishman JA, Hadley S, Herbrecht R, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):e1-e60.
- Colin J, Prisant O, Cochener B, Lescale O, Rolland B, Hoang-Xuan T. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of valaciclovir and acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(8):1507-11.
- Tyring SK, Engst R, Corriveau C, Robillard N, Trottier S, Van Slycken S, et al. Famciclovir for ophthalmic zoster: a randomised aciclovir controlled study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(5):576-81.
- Colin J, Hoh HB, Easty DL, Herbort CP, Resnikoff S, Rigal D, et al. Ganciclovir ophthalmic gel (Virgan; 0.15%) in the treatment of herpes simplex keratitis. Cornea. 1997;16(4):393-9.
- ZIRGAN (ganciclovir ophthalmic gel) 0.15% — Prescribing Information [Internet]. FDA/DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Aprobación FDA: septiembre de 2009. Disponible en: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/
- Chou TY, Hong BY. Ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15% for the treatment of acute herpetic keratitis: background, effectiveness, tolerability, safety, and future applications. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2014;10:665-81.
- Martin DF, Sierra-Madero J, Walmsley S, Wolitz RA, Macey K, Georgiou P, et al. A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(15):1119-26.
- Lalezari J, Lindley J, Walmsley S, Kuppermann B, Fisher M, Friedberg D, et al. A safety study of oral valganciclovir maintenance treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;30(4):392-400.
- Akler ME, Johnson DW, Burman WJ, Johnson SC. Anterior uveitis and hypotony after intravenous cidofovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(4):651-7.
- Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group. A controlled trial of oral acyclovir for the prevention of stromal keratitis or iritis in patients with herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. The Epithelial Keratitis Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(6):703-12.
- Barron BA, Gee L, Hauck WW, Kurinij N, Dawson CR, Jones DB, et al. Herpetic Eye Disease Study. A controlled trial of oral acyclovir for herpes simplex stromal keratitis. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(12):1871-82.
- Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group. Acyclovir for the prevention of recurrent herpes simplex virus eye disease. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(5):300-6.
- Jabs DA. Acyclovir for recurrent herpes simplex virus ocular disease [editorial]. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(5):340-1.
- McDonald EM, Patel DV, McGhee CN. Antiviral agents for the management of herpes zoster including herpes zoster ophthalmicus: a systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials. Antivir Ther. 2012;17(2):255-64.
- Cohen EJ, Hochman JS, Troxel AB, Colby KA, Jeng BH, Gonzales JA, et al; ZEDS Trial Research Group. Low-dose valacyclovir in herpes zoster ophthalmicus: the Zoster Eye Disease (ZEDS) randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2025;143(4):269-76.
- Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group, AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Combination foscarnet and ganciclovir therapy vs monotherapy for the treatment of relapsed cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114(1):23-33.
- Imparato R, Rosa N, De Bernardo M. Antiviral drugs in adenovirus-induced keratoconjunctivitis. Microorganisms. 2022;10(10):2014.
- Pepose JS, Ahuja A, Liu W, Narvekar A, Haque R. Randomized, controlled, phase 2 trial of povidone-iodine/dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension for treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;194:7-15.
- Kovalyuk N, Kaiserman I, Mimouni M, Cohen O, Levartovsky S, Sherbany H, et al. Treatment of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis with a combination of povidone-iodine 1.0% and dexamethasone 0.1% drops: a clinical prospective controlled randomized study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95(8):e686-e692.
- Liu SH, Hawkins BS, Ng SM, Ren M, Leslie L, Han G, et al. Topical pharmacologic interventions versus placebo for epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;3(3):CD013520.
- Liu SH, Hawkins BS, Ng SM, Ren M, Leslie L, Han G, et al. Topical pharmacologic interventions versus active control, placebo, or no treatment for epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: findings from a Cochrane systematic review. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;240:265-75.
- American Academy of Ophthalmology. Povidone-iodine for adenoviral conjunctivitis [Internet]. EyeNet Magazine. Disponible en: https://www.aao.org/eyenet/article/povidone-iodine-for-adenoviral-conjunctivitis
- Pradhan E, Bhandari S, Gilbert RE, Stanford M. Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(5):CD002218.
- Soheilian M, Sadoughi MM, Ghajarnia M, Dehghan MH, Yazdani S, Behboudi H, et al. Prospective randomized trial of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(11):1876-82.
- Winterhalter S, Severing K, Stammen J, Maier AK, Godehardt E, Joussen AM. Does atovaquone prolong the disease-free interval of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248(8):1187-92.
- Soheilian M, Ramezani A, Azimzadeh A, Sadoughi MM, Dehghan MH, Shahghadami R, et al. Randomized trial of intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone versus pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and prednisolone in treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(1):134-41.
- Baharivand N, Mahdavifard A, Fouladi RF. Intravitreal clindamycin plus dexamethasone versus classic oral therapy in toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Int Ophthalmol. 2013;33(1):39-46.
- Jasper S, Vedula SS, John SS, Horo S, Sepah YJ, Nguyen QD. Corticosteroids as adjuvant therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1):CD007417.
- Feliciano-Alfonso JE, Muñoz-Ortiz J, Marín-Noriega MA, Vargas-Villanueva A, Triviño-Blanco L, Carvajal-Saiz N, et al. Safety and efficacy of different antibiotic regimens in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):206.
- American Academy of Ophthalmology. Management of ocular toxoplasmosis [Internet]. Current Insight. Disponible en: https://www.aao.org/education/current-insight/management-of-ocular-toxoplasmosis
- Dart JKG, Papa V, Rama P, Knutsson KA, Ahmad S, Hau S, et al; ODAK Trial Group. The Orphan Drug for Acanthamoeba Keratitis (ODAK) Trial: PHMB 0.08% (polihexanide) and placebo versus PHMB 0.02% and propamidine 0.1%. Ophthalmology. 2024;131(3):277-87.
- Alkharashi M, Lindsley K, Law HA, Sikder S. Medical interventions for acanthamoeba keratitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD010792.
- Ejere HOD, Schwartz E, Wormald R, Evans JR. Ivermectin for onchocercal eye disease (river blindness). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(8):CD002219.
- Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux JP. Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Cameroon. Filaria J. 2003;2(Suppl 1):S4.
- Barisani-Asenbauer T, Maca SM, Hauff W, Kaminski SL, Domanovits H, Theyer I, et al. Treatment of ocular toxocariasis with albendazole. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2001;17(3):287-94.
- Ahn SJ, Ryoo NK, Woo SJ. Ocular toxocariasis: clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Asia Pac Allergy. 2014;4(3):134-41.
- Garcia HH, Gonzales I, Lescano AG, Bustos JA, Zimic M, Escalante D, et al; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Efficacy of combined antiparasitic therapy with praziquantel and albendazole for neurocysticercosis: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):687-95.
- Barry P, Cordovés L, Gardner S. ESCRS guidelines for prevention and treatment of endophthalmitis following cataract surgery: data, dilemmas and conclusions [Internet]. Dublin: European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons; 2013. Disponible en: https://www.escrs.org/
- Grzybowski A, Schwartz SG, Matsuura K, Ong Tone S, Arshinoff S, Ng JQ, et al. Endophthalmitis prophylaxis in cataract surgery: overview of current practice patterns around the world. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(4):565-73.
- Morioka M, Takamura Y, Nagai K, Yoshida S, Mori J, Takeuchi M, et al. Incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of an anti-VEGF agent with or without topical antibiotics. Sci Rep. 2020;10:22122.
- Bhagat N, Nagori S, Zarbin M. Post-traumatic infectious endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2011;56(3):214-51.
- Ahmed Y, Schimel AM, Pathengay A, Colyer MH, Flynn HW Jr. Endophthalmitis following open-globe injuries. Eye (Lond). 2012;26(2):212-7.
- US Preventive Services Task Force. Ocular prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019;321(4):394-8.
- Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Rushkin M. Ocular prophylaxis for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2019;321(4):404-6.
- Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Wood M. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine as prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(9):562-6.
- Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Valenton M, Del Signore M, Cubillan L, Labrador MA, et al. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine to treat infectious conjunctivitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(5):681-8.
- Stahn C, Buttgereit F. Genomic and nongenomic effects of glucocorticoids. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4(10):525-33.
- Foster CS, Davanzo R, Flynn TE, McLeod K, Vogel R, Crockett RS. Durezol (difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05%) compared with Pred Forte 1% ophthalmic suspension in the treatment of endogenous anterior uveitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2010;26(5):475-83.
- Sheppard JD, Toyos MM, Kempen JH, Kaur P, Foster CS. Difluprednate 0.05% versus prednisolone acetate 1% for endogenous anterior uveitis: a phase III, multicenter, randomized study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(5):2993-3002.
- Slabaugh MA, Herlihy E, Ongchin S, Van Gelder RN. Efficacy and potential complications of difluprednate use for pediatric uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(5):932-8.
- The Loteprednol Etabonate US Uveitis Study Group. Controlled evaluation of loteprednol etabonate and prednisolone acetate in the treatment of acute anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(5):537-44.
- Comstock TL, Decory HH. Advances in corticosteroid therapy for ocular inflammation: loteprednol etabonate. Int J Inflam. 2012;2012:789623.
- Thorne JE, Sugar EA, Holbrook JT, Burke AE, Altaweel MM, Vitale AT, et al; MUST Trial Research Group. Periocular triamcinolone vs. intravitreal triamcinolone vs. intravitreal dexamethasone implant for the treatment of uveitic macular edema: the POINT Trial. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(2):283-95.
- Chang-Lin JE, Attar M, Acheampong AA, Robinson MR, Whitcup SM, Kuppermann BD, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(1):80-6.
- Lowder C, Belfort R Jr, Lightman S, Foster CS, Robinson MR, Schiffman RM, et al; Ozurdex HURON Study Group. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(5):545-53.
- Jaffe GJ, Martin D, Callanan D, Pearson PA, Levy B, Comstock T; Fluocinolone Acetonide Uveitis Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):1020-7.
- Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Pearson A, Chen S, Boyer D, Ruiz-Moreno J, et al; FAME Study Group. Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2125-32.
- Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Shah SM, Bloom S, Brown DM, Busquets M, et al; FAMOUS Study Group. Sustained ocular delivery of fluocinolone acetonide by an intravitreal insert. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(7):1393-9.e3.
- Jaffe GJ, Pavesio CE; Study Investigators. Effect of a fluocinolone acetonide insert on recurrence rates in noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis: three-year results. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(10):1395-404.
- Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, Holbrook JT, Jabs DA, Louis TA, Sugar EA, et al; Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial Research Group. Randomized comparison of systemic anti-inflammatory therapy versus fluocinolone acetonide implant for intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis: the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment Trial. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):1916-26.
- Goldstein DA, Godfrey DG, Hall A, Callanan DG, Jaffe GJ, Pearson PA, et al. Intraocular pressure in patients with uveitis treated with fluocinolone acetonide implants. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(11):1478-85.
- Mazlumzadeh M, Hunder GG, Easley KA, Calamia KT, Matteson EL, Griffing WL, et al. Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized prospective clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(10):3310-8.
- Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MM Jr, Keltner JL, Shults WT, Kaufman DI, et al; Optic Neuritis Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(9):581-8.
- Kersey JP, Broadway DC. Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma: a review of the literature. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(4):407-16.
- Razeghinejad MR, Katz LJ. Steroid-induced iatrogenic glaucoma. Ophthalmic Res. 2012;47(2):66-80.
- Kim SJ, Flach AJ, Jampol LM. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol. 2010;55(2):108-33.
- Gamache DA, Graff G, Brady MT, Spellman JM, Yanni JM. Nepafenac, a unique nonsteroidal prodrug with potential utility in the treatment of trauma-induced ocular inflammation: I. Assessment of anti-inflammatory efficacy. Inflammation. 2000;24(4):357-70.
- Ke TL, Graff G, Spellman JM, Yanni JM. Nepafenac, a unique nonsteroidal prodrug… II. In vitro bioactivation and permeation of external ocular barriers. Inflammation. 2000;24(4):371-84.
- Wilson DJ, Schutte SM, Abel SR. Comparing the efficacy of ophthalmic NSAIDs in common indications: a literature review to support cost-effective prescribing. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(6):727-34.
- Kim SJ, Schoenberger SD, Thorne JE, Ehlers JP, Yeh S, Bakri SJ. Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cataract surgery: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(11):2159-68.
- Solomon KD, Turkalj JW, Whiteside SB, Stewart JA, Apple DJ. Topical 0.5% ketorolac vs 0.03% flurbiprofen for inhibition of miosis during cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(9):1119-22.
- Lim BX, Lim CH, Lim DK, Evans JR, Bunce C, Wormald R. Prophylactic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of macular oedema after cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(11):CD006683.
- Wielders LHP, Lambermont VA, Schouten JS, van den Biggelaar FJHM, Worthy G, Simons RWP, et al. Prevention of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(5):968-981.e33.
- Wielders LHP, Schouten JSAG, Winkens B, van den Biggelaar FJHM, Veldhuizen CA, Findl O, et al. European multicenter trial of the prevention of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery in nondiabetics: ESCRS PREMED study report 1. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018;44(4):429-39.
- Wielders LHP, Schouten JSAG, Winkens B, van den Biggelaar FJHM, Veldhuizen CA, Murta JCN, et al. Randomized controlled European multicenter trial on the prevention of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery in diabetics: ESCRS PREMED study report 2. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2018;44(7):836-47.
- Weisz JM, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Schachat AP. Ketorolac treatment of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema identified more than 24 months after cataract extraction. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(9):1656-9.
- Heier JS, Topping TM, Baumann W, Dirks MS, Chern S. Ketorolac versus prednisolone versus combination therapy in the treatment of acute pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(11):2034-8.
- Flach AJ. Corneal melts associated with topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2001;99:205-10.
- Congdon NG, Schein OD, von Kulajta P, Lubomski LH, Gilbert D, Katz J. Corneal complications associated with topical ophthalmic use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27(4):622-31.
- Abdel-Aty A, Gupta A, Del Priore L, Kombo N. Management of noninfectious scleritis. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2022;14:25158414211070879.
- Agrawal R, Lee CS, Gonzalez-Lopez JJ, Khan S, Rodrigues V, Pavesio C. Flurbiprofen: a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor for treatment of noninfectious, non-necrotizing anterior scleritis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(1):35-42.
- Leonardi A, Silva D, Perez Formigo D, Bozkurt B, Sharma V, Allegri P, et al. Management of ocular allergy. Allergy. 2019;74(9):1611-1630.
- Thangam EB, Jemima EA, Singh H, Baig MS, Khan M, Mathias CB, et al. The role of histamine and histamine receptors in mast cell-mediated allergy and inflammation: the hunt for new therapeutic targets. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1873.
- Netland PA, Leahy C, Krenzer KL. Emedastine ophthalmic solution 0.05% versus levocabastine ophthalmic suspension 0.05% in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis using the conjunctival allergen challenge model. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(6):717-23.
- Caldwell DR, Verin P, Hartwich-Young R, Meyer SM, Drake MM. Efficacy and safety of lodoxamide 0.1% vs cromolyn sodium 4% in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113(6):632-7.
- Santos CI, Huang AJ, Abelson MB, Foster CS, Friedlaender M, McCulley JP. Efficacy of lodoxamide 0.1% ophthalmic solution in resolving corneal epitheliopathy associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117(4):488-97.
- McLaurin E, Narvekar A, Gomes P, Adewale A, Torkildsen G. Phase 3 randomized double-masked study of efficacy and safety of once-daily 0.77% olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution in subjects with allergic conjunctivitis using the conjunctival allergen challenge model. Cornea. 2015;34(10):1245-51.
- Greiner JV, Michaelson C, McWhirter CL, Shams NB. Efficacy of ketotifen fumarate 0.025% ophthalmic solution compared with placebo in the conjunctival allergen challenge model. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(5):626-30.
- Giede-Tuch C, Westhoff M, Zarth A. Azelastine eye-drops in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis or rhinoconjunctivitis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Allergy. 1998;53(9):857-62.
- Ciolino JB, McLaurin EB, Marsico NP, Ackerman SL, Williams JM, Villanueva L, et al. Effect of alcaftadine 0.25% on ocular itch associated with seasonal or perennial allergic conjunctivitis: a pooled analysis of two multicenter randomized clinical trials. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:765-72.
- Macejko TT, Bergmann MT, Williams JI, Gow JA, Gomes PJ, McNamara TR, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of bepotastine besilate ophthalmic solutions 1.0% and 1.5% to treat allergic conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;150(1):122-127.e5.
- Leonardi A, Doan S, Amrane M, Ismail D, Montero J, Németh J, et al; VEKTIS Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of cyclosporine A cationic emulsion in pediatric vernal keratoconjunctivitis: the VEKTIS study. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(5):671-81.
- Labcharoenwongs P, Jirapongsananuruk O, Visitsunthorn N, Kosrirukvongs P, Saengin P, Vichyanond P. A double-masked comparison of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment and 2% cyclosporine eye drops in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2012;30(3):177-84.
- Soparkar CN, Wilhelmus KR, Koch DD, Wallace GW, Jones DB. Acute and chronic conjunctivitis due to over-the-counter ophthalmic decongestants. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(1):34-8.
- McLaurin E, Cavet ME, Gomes PJ, Ciolino JB. Brimonidine ophthalmic solution 0.025% for reduction of ocular redness: a randomized clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci. 2018;95(3):264-71.
- Foutch BK, Sandberg KA, Bennett ES, Naeger LL. Effects of oral antihistamines on tear volume, tear stability, and intraocular pressure. Vision (Basel). 2020;4(2):32.
- Dick AD, Rosenbaum JT, Al-Dhibi HA, Belfort R Jr, Brézin AP, Chee SP, et al; Fundamentals of Care for Uveitis (FOCUS) Initiative. Guidance on noncorticosteroid systemic immunomodulatory therapy in noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(5):757-73.
- Sall K, Stevenson OD, Mundorf TK, Reis BL; CsA Phase 3 Study Group. Two multicenter, randomized studies of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in moderate to severe dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(4):631-9.
- Goldberg DF, Malhotra RP, Schechter BA, Justice A, Weiss SL, Sheppard JD. A phase 3, randomized, double-masked study of OTX-101 ophthalmic solution 0.09% in the treatment of dry eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(9):1230-7.
- Kaçmaz RO, Kempen JH, Newcomb C, Daniel E, Gangaputra S, Nussenblatt RB, et al. Cyclosporine for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(3):576-84.
- Murphy CC, Greiner K, Plskova J, Duncan L, Frost NA, Forrester JV, et al. Cyclosporine vs tacrolimus therapy for posterior and intermediate uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(5):634-41.
- Hogan AC, McAvoy CE, Dick AD, Lee RWJ. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of tacrolimus for the treatment of uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(5):1000-6.
- Lee RWJ, Greenwood R, Taylor H, Amoaku W, Bhatt R, Fitzke F, et al. A randomized trial of tacrolimus versus tacrolimus and prednisone for the maintenance of disease remission in noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(6):1223-30.
- Gangaputra S, Newcomb CW, Liesegang TL, Kaçmaz RO, Jabs DA, Levy-Clarke GA, et al; SITE Cohort Study. Methotrexate for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(11):2188-98.e1.
- Malik AR, Pavesio C. The use of low dose methotrexate in children with chronic anterior and intermediate uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(7):806-8.
- Pasadhika S, Kempen JH, Newcomb CW, Liesegang TL, Fitzgerald TD, Albert DM, et al. Azathioprine for ocular inflammatory diseases. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(4):500-9.e2.
- Relling MV, Schwab M, Whirl-Carrillo M, Suarez-Kurtz G, Pui CH, Stein CM, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guideline for thiopurine dosing based on TPMT and NUDT15 genotypes: 2018 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019;105(5):1095-105.
- Daniel E, Thorne JE, Newcomb CW, Pujari SS, Kaçmaz RO, Levy-Clarke GA, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for ocular inflammation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(3):423-32.e1-2.
- Rathinam SR, Gonzales JA, Thundikandy R, Kanakath A, Murugan SB, Vedhanayaki R, et al; FAST Research Group. Effect of corticosteroid-sparing treatment with mycophenolate mofetil vs methotrexate on inflammation in patients with uveitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322(10):936-45.
- Pujari SS, Kaçmaz RO, Newcomb CW, Gangaputra S, Daniel E, Suhler EB, et al. Cyclophosphamide for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(2):356-65.
- Goldstein DA, Fontanilla FA, Kaul S, Sahin O, Tessler HH. Long-term follow-up of patients treated with short-term high-dose chlorambucil for sight-threatening ocular inflammation. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(2):370-7.
- Yates WB, Vajdic CM, Na R, McCluskey PJ, Wakefield D. Malignancy risk in patients with inflammatory eye disease treated with systemic immunosuppressive therapy: a tertiary referral cohort study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(2):265-73.
- Nguyen QD, Merrill PT, Clark WL, Banker AS, Fardeau C, Franco P, et al; SAKURA Study Group. Intravitreal sirolimus for noninfectious uveitis: a phase III Sirolimus study Assessing double-masKed Uveitis tReAtment (SAKURA). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(11):2413-23.
- Merrill PT, Clark WL, Banker AS, Fardeau C, Franco P, LeHoang P, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal sirolimus for noninfectious uveitis of the posterior segment: results from the SAKURA program. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(10):1405-15.
- Kempen JH, Daniel E, Dunn JP, Foster CS, Gangaputra S, Hanish A, et al. Overall and cancer related mortality among patients with ocular inflammation treated with immunosuppressive drugs: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009;339:b2480.
- Kempen JH, Newcomb CW, Washington TL, Foster CS, Sobrin L, Thorne JE, et al; Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases (SITE) Cohort Study Research Group. Use of immunosuppression and the risk of subsequent overall or cancer mortality. Ophthalmology. 2023;130(12):1258-68.
- Jabs DA, Rosenbaum JT, Foster CS, Holland GN, Jaffe GJ, Louie JS, et al. Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert panel. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(4):492-513.
- Mayrhofer P, Kunert R. Nomenclature of humanized mAbs: early concepts, current challenges and future perspectives. Hum Antibodies. 2019;27(1):37-51.
- Jaffe GJ, Dick AD, Brézin AP, Nguyen QD, Thorne JE, Kestelyn P, et al. Adalimumab in patients with active noninfectious uveitis (VISUAL I). N Engl J Med. 2016;375(10):932-43.
- Nguyen QD, Merrill PT, Jaffe GJ, Dick AD, Kurup SK, Sheppard J, et al. Adalimumab for prevention of uveitic flare in patients with inactive non-infectious uveitis controlled by corticosteroids (VISUAL II): a multicentre, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10050):1183-92.
- Suhler EB, Adán A, Brézin AP, Fortin E, Goto H, Jaffe GJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of adalimumab in patients with noninfectious uveitis in an ongoing open-label study: VISUAL III. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(7):1075-87.
- Ramanan AV, Dick AD, Jones AP, McKay A, Williamson PR, Compeyrot-Lacassagne S, et al; SYCAMORE Study Group. Adalimumab plus methotrexate for uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(17):1637-46.
- Tugal-Tutkun I, Mudun A, Urgancioglu M, Kamali S, Kasapoglu E, Inanc M, et al. Efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of uveitis that is resistant to treatment with the combination of azathioprine, cyclosporine, and corticosteroids in Behçet’s disease: an open-label trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(8):2478-84.
- Sfikakis PP, Markomichelakis N, Alpsoy E, Assaad-Khalil S, Bodaghi B, Gul A, et al. Anti-TNF therapy in the management of Behçet’s disease — review and basis for recommendations. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(5):736-41.
- Levy-Clarke G, Jabs DA, Read RW, Rosenbaum JT, Vitale A, Van Gelder RN. Expert panel recommendations for the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor biologic agents in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(3):785-96.e3.
- Hatemi G, Christensen R, Bang D, Bodaghi B, Celik AF, Fortune F, et al. 2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Behçet’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(6):808-18.
- Simonini G, Druce K, Cimaz R, Macfarlane GJ, Jones GT. Current evidence of anti-tumor necrosis factor α treatment efficacy in childhood chronic uveitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis approach of individual drugs. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(7):1073-84.
- Sepah YJ, Sadiq MA, Chu DS, Dacey M, Gallemore R, Dayani P, et al. Primary (month-6) outcomes of the STOP-Uveitis study: evaluating the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with noninfectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2017;183:71-80.
- Ramanan AV, Dick AD, Guly C, McKay A, Jones AP, Hardwick B, et al; APTITUDE Trial Investigators. Tocilizumab in patients with anti-TNF refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (APTITUDE): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(3):e135-41.
- Gül A, Tugal-Tutkun I, Dinarello CA, Reznikov L, Esen BA, Mirza A, et al. Interleukin-1β-regulating antibody XOMA 052 (gevokizumab) in the treatment of acute exacerbations of resistant uveitis of Behçet’s disease: an open-label pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(4):563-6.
- Tugal-Tutkun I, Kadayifcilar S, Khairallah M, Lee SC, Ozdal P, Özyazgan Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of gevokizumab in patients with Behçet’s disease uveitis: results of an exploratory phase 2 study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(1):62-70; y estudio EYEGUARD-B. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(7):1023-33.
- Dick AD, Tugal-Tutkun I, Foster S, Zierhut M, Melissa Liew SH, Bezlyak V, et al. Secukinumab in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis: results of three randomized, controlled clinical trials. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(4):777-87.
- Suhler EB, Lim LL, Beardsley RM, Giles TR, Pasadhika S, Lee ST, et al. Rituximab therapy for refractory scleritis: results of a phase I/II dose-ranging, randomized, clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(10):1885-91.
- Recillas-Gispert C, Serna-Ojeda JC, Flores-Suárez LF. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory scleritis in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(12):2279-84.
- Clifford DB, Ances B, Costello C, Rosen-Schmidt S, Andersson M, Parks D, et al. Rituximab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(9):1156-64.
- Beckman M, Srivastava SK, Lowder CY, Baynes K, Lowe A, Sharma S. The use of Janus kinase inhibitors to treat noninfectious uveitis. Eye (Lond). 2026;40(1):91-7.
- Zhang C, Ayoubi M, Aboukasm G, Ersan S, Zhu D, Wong A, et al. Clinical efficacy of biosimilar switch of adalimumab and infliximab for noninfectious uveitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2026;282:358-69.
- Kang HG, Lee JY, et al. Janus kinase inhibition (baricitinib) in refractory uveitis: report and context. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:764067.
- Gordon MO, Beiser JA, Brandt JD, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, Johnson CA, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(6):714-20.
- Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Bengtsson B, Hussein M; Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(10):1268-79.
- Leske MC, Heijl A, Hussein M, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Komaroff E. Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(1):48-56.
- Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study Group. The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126(4):498-505.
- The AGIS Investigators. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocular pressure and visual field deterioration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(4):429-40.
- Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. JAMA. 2014;311(18):1901-11.
- European Glaucoma Society. Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma, 5th edition. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;105(Suppl 1):1-169.
- Liu JHK, Zhang X, Kripke DF, Weinreb RN. Twenty-four-hour intraocular pressure pattern associated with early glaucomatous changes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(4):1586-90.
- Nau CB, Malihi M, McLaren JW, Hodge DO, Sit AJ. Circadian variation of aqueous humor dynamics in older healthy adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(12):7623-9.
- Caprioli J, Coleman AL. Intraocular pressure fluctuation a risk factor for visual field progression at low intraocular pressures in the Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(7):1123-9.e3.
- Bengtsson B, Leske MC, Hyman L, Heijl A; Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group. Fluctuation of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(2):205-9.
- Weinreb RN, Toris CB, Gabelt BT, Lindsey JD, Kaufman PL. Effects of prostaglandins on the aqueous humor outflow pathways. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47(Suppl 1):S53-64.
- Weinreb RN, Kashiwagi K, Kashiwagi F, Tsukahara S, Lindsey JD. Prostaglandins increase matrix metalloproteinase release from human ciliary smooth muscle cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38(13):2772-80.
- Sharif NA, Kelly CR, Crider JY. Agonist activity of bimatoprost, travoprost, latanoprost, unoprostone isopropyl ester and other prostaglandin analogs at the cloned human ciliary body FP prostaglandin receptor. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2002;18(4):313-24.
- Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. Prostamides (prostaglandin-ethanolamides) and their pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;153(3):410-9.
- Camras CB, Alm A, Watson P, Stjernschantz J; Latanoprost Study Groups. Latanoprost, a prostaglandin analog, for glaucoma therapy. Efficacy and safety after 1 year of treatment in 198 patients. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(11):1916-24.
- van der Valk R, Webers CA, Schouten JS, Zeegers MP, Hendrikse F, Prins MH. Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of all commonly used glaucoma drugs: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(7):1177-85.
- Lin L, Zhao YJ, Chew PT, Sng CC, Wong HT, Yip LW, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of topical prostaglandin analogues for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(12):1585-93.
- Uusitalo H, Pillunat LE, Ropo A; Phase III Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of tafluprost 0.0015% versus latanoprost 0.005% eye drops in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: 24-month results of a randomized, double-masked phase III study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;88(1):12-9.
- Rouland JF, Traverso CE, Stalmans I, Fekih LE, Delval L, Renault D, et al; T2345 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of preservative-free latanoprost eyedrops, compared with BAK-preserved latanoprost in patients with ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(2):196-200.
- Katz LJ, Cohen JS, Batoosingh AL, Felix C, Shu V, Schiffman RM. Twelve-month, randomized, controlled trial of bimatoprost 0.01%, 0.0125%, and 0.03% in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(4):661-671.e1.
- Kucukevcilioglu M, Bayer A, Uysal Y, Altinsoy HI. Prostaglandin associated periorbitopathy in patients using bimatoprost, latanoprost and travoprost. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;42(2):126-31.
- Weinreb RN, Ong T, Scassellati Sforzolini B, Vittitow JL, Singh K, Kaufman PL; VOYAGER Study Group. A randomised, controlled comparison of latanoprostene bunod and latanoprost 0.005% in the treatment of ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma: the VOYAGER study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(6):738-45.
- Weinreb RN, Scassellati Sforzolini B, Vittitow J, Liebmann J. Latanoprostene bunod 0.024% versus timolol maleate 0.5% in subjects with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: the APOLLO study. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):965-73.
- Medeiros FA, Martin KR, Peace J, Scassellati Sforzolini B, Vittitow JL, Weinreb RN. Comparison of latanoprostene bunod 0.024% and timolol maleate 0.5% in open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: the LUNAR study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016;168:250-9.
- Holló G, Hommer A, Antón López A, Ropo A. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of preservative-free fixed combination of tafluprost 0.0015%/timolol 0.5% versus concomitant use of the ingredients. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014;30(6):468-75.
- Zimmerman TJ, Kaufman HE. Timolol. A beta-adrenergic blocking agent for the treatment of glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(4):601-4.
- Rittenhouse KD, Pollack GM. Pharmacodynamics of beta-blocker modulation of aqueous humor production. Exp Eye Res. 2000;70(4):429-39.
- Liu JHK, Kripke DF, Weinreb RN. Comparison of the nocturnal effects of once-daily timolol and latanoprost on intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;138(3):389-95.
- Shedden A, Laurence J, Tipping R; Timoptic-XE 0.5% Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of timolol maleate ophthalmic gel-forming solution versus timolol ophthalmic solution in adults with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: a six-month, double-masked, multicenter study. Clin Ther. 2001;23(3):440-50.
- The Levobunolol Study Group. Levobunolol. A beta-adrenoceptor antagonist effective in the long-term treatment of glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(9):1271-6.
- Stewart WC, Dubiner HB, Mundorf TK, Laibovitz RA, Sall KN, Israel MR, et al. Effects of carteolol and timolol on plasma lipid profiles in older women with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(2):142-7.
- Akingbehin T, Villada JR. Metipranolol-associated granulomatous anterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991;75(9):519-23.
- Schoene RB, Abuan T, Ward RL, Beasley CH. Effects of topical betaxolol, timolol, and placebo on pulmonary function in asthmatic bronchitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97(1):86-92.
- Wood JPM, Schmidt KG, Melena J, Chidlow G, Allmeier H, Osborne NN. The beta-adrenoceptor antagonists metipranolol and timolol are retinal neuroprotectants: comparison with betaxolol. Exp Eye Res. 2003;76(4):505-16.
- Chidlow G, Melena J, Osborne NN. Betaxolol, a beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist, reduces Na+ influx into cortical synaptosomes by direct interaction with Na+ channels: comparison with other beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;130(4):759-66.
- Morales DR, Dreischulte T, Lipworth BJ, Donnan PT, Jackson C, Guthrie B. Respiratory effect of beta-blocker eye drops in asthma: population-based study and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;82(3):814-22.
- Munroe WP, Rindone JP, Kershner RM. Systemic side effects associated with the ophthalmic administration of timolol. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985;19(2):85-9.
- Toris CB, Gleason ML, Camras CB, Yablonski ME. Effects of brimonidine on aqueous humor dynamics in human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(12):1514-7.
- Katz LJ. Twelve-month evaluation of brimonidine-purite versus brimonidine in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. J Glaucoma. 2002;11(2):119-26.
- Cantor LB, Liu CC, Batoosingh AL, Hollander DA. Safety and tolerability of brimonidine purite 0.1% and brimonidine purite 0.15%: a meta-analysis of two phase 3 studies. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(7):1615-20.
- Nejad M, Lin SR, Hwang LH, Landig M, Al-Hashimi S, Bartlett JD. Effect of over-the-counter brimonidine tartrate 0.025% ophthalmic solution on pupil size in healthy adults. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;259(11):3333-8.
- Holmwood PC, Chase RD, Krupin T, Rosenberg LF, Ruderman JM, Tallman BA, et al. Apraclonidine and argon laser trabeculoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;114(1):19-22.
- Kalapesi FB, Coroneo MT, Hill MA. Human ganglion cells express the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor: relevance to neuroprotection. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(6):758-63.
- WoldeMussie E, Ruiz G, Wijono M, Wheeler LA. Neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells by brimonidine in rats with laser-induced chronic ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(12):2849-55.
- Krupin T, Liebmann JM, Greenfield DS, Ritch R, Gardiner S; Low-Pressure Glaucoma Study Group. A randomized trial of brimonidine versus timolol in preserving visual function: results from the Low-pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151(4):671-81.
- Sena DF, Lindsley K. Neuroprotection for treatment of glaucoma in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1):CD006539.
- Al-Shahwan S, Al-Torbak AA, Turkmani S, Al-Omran M, Al-Jadaan I, Edward DP. Side-effect profile of brimonidine tartrate in children. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(12):2143.
- Wright TM, Freedman SF. Exposure to topical apraclonidine in children with glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2009;18(5):395-8.
- Maren TH. Carbonic anhydrase: chemistry, physiology, and inhibition. Physiol Rev. 1967;47(4):595-781.
- Sugrue MF. Pharmacological and ocular hypotensive properties of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000;19(1):87-112.
- Strahlman E, Tipping R, Vogel R; International Dorzolamide Study Group. A double-masked, randomized 1-year study comparing dorzolamide (Trusopt), timolol, and betaxolol. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(8):1009-16.
- Silver LH; Brinzolamide Primary Therapy Study Group. Clinical efficacy and safety of brinzolamide (Azopt), a new topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126(3):400-8.
- Silver LH; Brinzolamide Comfort Study Group. Ocular comfort of brinzolamide 1.0% ophthalmic suspension compared with dorzolamide 2.0% ophthalmic solution: results from two multicenter comfort studies. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;44(Suppl 2):S141-5.
- Konowal A, Morrison JC, Brown SV, Cooke DL, Maguire LJ, Verdier DV, et al. Irreversible corneal decompensation in patients treated with topical dorzolamide. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(4):403-6.
- Katz J, Dunn SP, Cvetkovic RS, Sharpe S, Whitson JT, Goode SM. Three-month randomized trial of fixed-combination brinzolamide, 1%, and brimonidine, 0.2%. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(6):724-30.
- Yeh J, Kravitz D, Francis B. Rational use of the fixed combination of dorzolamide-timolol in the management of raised intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008;2(2):389-99.
- NORDIC Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Study Group Writing Committee; Wall M, McDermott MP, Kieburtz KD, Corbett JJ, Feldon SE, Friedman DI, et al. Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss: the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial. JAMA. 2014;311(16):1641-51.
- Low EV, Avery AJ, Gupta V, Schedlbauer A, Grocott MP. Identifying the lowest effective dose of acetazolamide for the prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e6779.
- Fraunfelder FT, Meyer SM, Bagby GC Jr, Dreis MW. Hematologic reactions to carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100(1):79-81.
- Shah TJ, Moshirfar M, Hoopes PC Sr. “Doctor, I have a sulfa allergy”: clarifying the myths of cross-reactivity. Ophthalmol Ther. 2018;7(2):211-5.
- Overby DR, Bertrand J, Schicht M, Paulsen F, Stamer WD, Lütjen-Drecoll E. The structure of the trabecular meshwork, its connections to the ciliary muscle, and the effect of pilocarpine on outflow facility in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(6):3727-36.
- Pantuck EJ. Ecothiopate iodide eye drops and prolonged response to suxamethonium. Br J Anaesth. 1966;38(5):406-7.
- Beasley H, Fraunfelder FT. Retinal detachments and topical ocular miotics. Ophthalmology. 1979;86(1):95-8.
- Waring GO 4th, Price FW Jr, Wirta D, McCabe C, Moshirfar M, Guo Q, et al. Safety and efficacy of AGN-190584 in individuals with presbyopia: the GEMINI 1 phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(4):363-71.
- Kannarr S, El-Harazi SM, Moshirfar M, Lievens C, Kim JL, Peace JH, et al. Safety and efficacy of twice-daily pilocarpine HCl in presbyopia: the VIRGO phase 3, randomized, double-masked, controlled study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023;253:189-200.
- Al-Khersan H, Flynn HW Jr, Townsend JH. Retinal detachments associated with topical pilocarpine use for presbyopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;242:52-5.
- Eton EA, Zhao PY, Johnson MW, Rao RC, Huvard MJ. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after initiation of pilocarpine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 1.25% for treatment of presbyopia. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2024;18(1):98-100.
- Grzybowski A, Ruamviboonsuk V. Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5):1385.
- Lima GN, Amaral DC, Ivanov YA, Silva LD, Ribeiro Dos Santos L, Sampaio CAF, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of pilocarpine ophthalmic solution for presbyopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2025;280:298-307.
- Tanna AP, Johnson M. Rho kinase inhibitors as a novel treatment for glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(11):1741-56.
- Serle JB, Katz LJ, McLaurin E, Heah T, Ramirez-Davis N, Usner DW, et al; ROCKET-1 and ROCKET-2 Study Groups. Two phase 3 clinical trials comparing the safety and efficacy of netarsudil to timolol in patients with elevated intraocular pressure: Rho Kinase Elevated IOP Treatment Trial 1 and 2 (ROCKET-1 and ROCKET-2). Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;186:116-27.
- Kahook MY, Serle JB, Mah FS, Kim T, Raizman MB, Heah T, et al; ROCKET-2 Study Group. Long-term safety and ocular hypotensive efficacy evaluation of netarsudil ophthalmic solution: Rho Kinase Elevated IOP Treatment Trial (ROCKET-2). Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;200:130-7.
- Asrani S, Bacharach J, Holland E, McKee H, Sheng H, Lewis RA, et al. Fixed-dose combination of netarsudil and latanoprost in ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma: pooled efficacy/safety analysis of phase 3 MERCURY-1 and -2. Adv Ther. 2020;37(4):1620-31.
- Cavet ME, DeCory HH. The role of nitric oxide in the intraocular pressure lowering efficacy of latanoprostene bunod: review of nonclinical studies. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2018;34(1-2):52-60.
- Qiu TG. Trabodenoson on trabecular meshwork rejuvenation: a comprehensive review of clinical data. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2021;30(3):227-36.
- Li G, Torrejon KY, Unser AM, Ahmed F, Navarro ID, Baumgartner RA, et al. Trabodenoson, an adenosine mimetic with A1 receptor selectivity, lowers intraocular pressure by increasing conventional outflow facility in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(1):383-92.
- Aihara M, Lu F, Kawata H, Iwata A, Odani-Kawabata N, Shams NK. Omidenepag isopropyl versus latanoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: the phase 3 AYAME study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;220:53-63.
- Wirta DL, Kuwayama Y, Lu F, Shao H, Odani-Kawabata N. Phase 2b, randomized, 3-month, dose-finding study of sepetaprost in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: the ANGEL study. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2022;38(3):240-51.
- Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. The neurovascular unit in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:452.
- Castro A, Du Y. Trabecular meshwork regeneration — a potential treatment for glaucoma. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2019;7(2):80-8.
- Kolker AE. Hyperosmotic agents in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol. 1970;9(6):418-23.
- McCurdy DK, Schneider B, Scheie HG. Oral glycerol: the mechanism of intraocular hypotension. Am J Ophthalmol. 1966;61(5 Pt 2):1244-9.
- Becker B, Kolker AE, Krupin T. Isosorbide. An oral hyperosmotic agent. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;78(2):147-50.
- Smith EW, Drance SM. Reduction of human intraocular pressure with intravenous mannitol. Arch Ophthalmol. 1962;68:734-7.
- Crews SJ, Davidson SI. Intravenous urea therapy in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1961;45(12):769-77.
- Frank MS, Nahata MC, Hilty MD. Glycerol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, and clinical use. Pharmacotherapy. 1981;1(2):147-60.
- Sambhara D, Aref AA. Glaucoma management: relative value and place in therapy of available drug treatments. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014;5(1):30-43.
- Khazaeni B, Zeppieri M, Khazaeni L. Acute angle-closure glaucoma. En: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430857/
- Li X, Balas M, Mathew DJ. A review of ocular and systemic side effects in glaucoma pharmacotherapy. J Clin Transl Ophthalmol. 2025;3(1):2.
- Nissen K, Jørgensen JS, Nørregaard JC, Storr-Paulsen A, Bach-Holm D. The effect of orally administered glycerol on anterior chamber depth during cataract surgery in eyes with narrow anterior chambers. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021;99(2):156-9.
- Hoy SM. Latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic solution 0.024%: a review in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs. 2018;78(7):773-80.
- Gazzard G, Konstantakopoulou E, Garway-Heath D, Garg A, Vickerstaff V, Hunter R, et al. Selective laser trabeculoplasty versus eye drops for first-line treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma (LiGHT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;393(10180):1505-16.
- Gazzard G, Konstantakopoulou E, Garway-Heath D, Adeleke M, Vickerstaff V, Ambler G, et al. Laser in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (LiGHT) trial: six-year results of primary selective laser trabeculoplasty versus eye drops for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology. 2023;130(2):139-51.
- Greig SL, Deeks ED. Brinzolamide/brimonidine: a review of its use in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging. 2015;32(3):251-60.
- Azuara-Blanco A, Burr J, Ramsay C, Cooper D, Foster PJ, Friedman DS, et al; EAGLE study group. Effectiveness of early lens extraction for the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma (EAGLE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10052):1389-97.
- Gedde SJ, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ, Herndon LW, Brandt JD, Budenz DL; Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study Group. Treatment outcomes in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy (TVT) study after five years of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(5):789-803.e2.
- Lavia C, Dallorto L, Maule M, Ceccarelli M, Fea AM. Minimally-invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS) for open angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0183142.
- Cabourne E, Clarke JC, Schlottmann PG, Evans JR. Mitomycin C versus 5-fluorouracil for wound healing in glaucoma surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD006259.
- The Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group. Five-year follow-up of the Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121(4):349-66.
- Weinreb RN, Liebmann JM, Cioffi GA, Goldberg I, Brandt JD, Johnson CA, et al. Oral memantine for the treatment of glaucoma: design and results of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(12):1874-85.
- Rossetti L, Goni F, Montesano G, Stalmans I, Topouzis F, Romano D, et al. The effect of citicoline oral solution on quality of life in patients with glaucoma: the results of an international, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023;261(6):1659-68.
- Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, Caffery B, Dua HS, Joo CK, et al. TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):276-83.
- Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, et al. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):438-510.
- Jones L, Downie LE, Korb D, Benitez-del-Castillo JM, Dana R, Deng SX, et al. TFOS DEWS II management and therapy report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):575-628.
- Tauber J, Karpecki P, Latkany R, Luchs J, Martel J, Sall K, et al; OPUS-2 Investigators. Lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% versus placebo for treatment of dry eye disease: results of the randomized phase III OPUS-2 study. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(12):2423-31.
- Holland EJ, Luchs J, Karpecki PM, Nichols KK, Jackson MA, Sall K, et al. Lifitegrast for the treatment of dry eye disease: results of a phase III, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial (OPUS-3). Ophthalmology. 2017;124(1):53-60.
- Matsumoto Y, Ohashi Y, Watanabe H, Tsubota K; Diquafosol Ophthalmic Solution Phase 2 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of diquafosol ophthalmic solution in patients with dry eye syndrome: a Japanese phase 2 clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):1954-60.
- Kinoshita S, Oshiden K, Awamura S, Suzuki H, Nakamichi N, Yokoi N; Rebamipide Ophthalmic Suspension Phase 3 Study Group. A randomized, multicenter phase 3 study comparing 2% rebamipide (OPC-12759) with 0.1% sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of dry eye. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(6):1158-65.
- Pan Q, Angelina A, Marrone M, Stark WJ, Akpek EK. Autologous serum eye drops for dry eye. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD009327.
- Sullivan DA, Sullivan BD, Evans JE, Schirra F, Yamagami H, Liu M, et al. Androgen deficiency, meibomian gland dysfunction, and evaporative dry eye. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;966:211-22.
- Satitpitakul V, Ratanawongphaibul K, Kasetsuwan N, Reinprayoon U. Efficacy of azithromycin 1.5% eyedrops vs oral doxycycline in meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(6):1289-94.
- Tauber J, Berdy GJ, Wirta DL, Krösser S, Vittitow JL; GOBI Study Group. NOV03 for dry eye disease associated with meibomian gland dysfunction: results of the randomized phase 3 GOBI study. Ophthalmology. 2023;130(5):516-24.
- Sheppard JD, Kurata F, Epitropoulos AT, Krösser S, Vittitow JL; MOJAVE Study Group. NOV03 for signs and symptoms of dry eye disease associated with meibomian gland dysfunction: the randomized phase 3 MOJAVE study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023;252:265-74.
- Yeu E, Wirta DL, Karpecki P, Baba SN, Holdbrook M; Saturn-1 Study Group. Lotilaner ophthalmic solution 0.25% for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis: results of a prospective, randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-masked, pivotal trial (Saturn-1). Cornea. 2023;42(4):435-43.
- Gaddie IB, Donnenfeld ED, Karpecki P, Vollmer P, Berdy GJ, Peterson JD, et al.; Saturn-2 Study Group. Lotilaner ophthalmic solution 0.25% for Demodex blepharitis: randomized, vehicle-controlled, multicenter, phase 3 trial (Saturn-2). Ophthalmology. 2023;130(10):1015-23.
- Savla K, Le JT, Pucker AD. Tea tree oil for Demodex blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;6(6):CD013333.
- Tighe S, Gao YY, Tseng SCG. Terpinen-4-ol is the most active ingredient of tea tree oil to kill Demodex mites. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2013;2(7):2.
- Bonini S, Lambiase A, Rama P, Sinigaglia F, Allegretti M, Chao W, et al; REPARO Study Group. Phase II randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled trial of recombinant human nerve growth factor for neurotrophic keratitis. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(9):1332-43.
- Pflugfelder SC, Massaro-Giordano M, Perez VL, Hamrah P, Deng SX, Espandar L, et al. Topical recombinant human nerve growth factor (cenegermin) for neurotrophic keratopathy: a multicenter randomized vehicle-controlled pivotal trial. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(1):14-26.
- Deeks ED, Lamb YN. Cenegermin: a review in neurotrophic keratitis. Drugs. 2020;80(5):489-94.
- Aifa A, Gueudry J, Portmann A, Delcampe A, Muraine M. Topical treatment with a new matrix therapy agent (RGTA) for the treatment of corneal neurotrophic ulcers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(13):8181-5.
- Kobayashi TK, Tsubota K, Takamura E, Sawa M, Ohashi Y, Usui M. Effect of retinol palmitate as a treatment for dry eye: a cytological evaluation. Ophthalmologica. 1997;211(6):358-61.
- Chelala E, Dirani A, Fadlallah A, Fahd S. The role of topical vitamin A in promoting healing in surface refractive procedures: a prospective randomized controlled study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013;7:1913-8.
- Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Seiler T. Riboflavin/ultraviolet-A-induced collagen crosslinking for the treatment of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(5):620-7.
- Wollensak G, Spoerl E, Reber F, Seiler T. Endothelial cell damage after riboflavin-ultraviolet-A treatment in the rabbit. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003;29(9):1786-90.
- Wittig-Silva C, Chan E, Islam FM, Wu T, Whiting M, Snibson GR. A randomized, controlled trial of corneal collagen cross-linking in progressive keratoconus: three-year results. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(4):812-21.
- Hersh PS, Stulting RD, Muller D, Durrie DS, Rajpal RK; United States Crosslinking Study Group. United States multicenter clinical trial of corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus treatment. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(9):1259-70.
- Raiskup-Wolf F, Hoyer A, Spoerl E, Pillunat LE. Collagen crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A light in keratoconus: long-term results. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2008;34(5):796-801.
- Alió JL, Abbouda A, Valle DD, Del Castillo JM, Fernandez JA. Corneal cross-linking and infectious keratitis: a systematic review with a meta-analysis of reported cases. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;3(1):47.
- Dua HS, Said DG, Messmer EM, Rolando M, Benitez-del-Castillo JM, Hossain PN, et al. Neurotrophic keratopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;66:107-31.
- Sacchetti M, Lambiase A. Diagnosis and management of neurotrophic keratitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:571-9.
- Jeng BH. Use of autologous serum in the treatment of ocular surface disorders. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(12):1610-2.
- Koaik M, Baig K. Corneal neurotization. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019;30(4):292-8.
- Margolis TP. Neurotrophic keratopathy: ophthalmology’s diabetic foot problem. Eye Contact Lens. 2021;47(3):136-9.
- Ambati BK, Nozaki M, Singh N, Takeda A, Jani PD, Suthar T, et al. Corneal avascularity is due to soluble VEGF receptor-1. Nature. 2006;443(7114):993-7.
- Hos D, Cursiefen C. Lymphatic vessels in the development of tissue and organ rejection. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2014;214:119-41.
- Bachmann B, Taylor RS, Cursiefen C. Corneal neovascularization as a risk factor for graft failure and rejection after keratoplasty: an evidence-based meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(7):1300-5.e7.
- Giannaccare G, Pellegrini M, Bovone C, Spena R, Senni C, Scorcia V, et al. Anti-VEGF treatment in corneal diseases. Curr Drug Targets. 2020;21(12):1159-80.
- Al-Debasi T, Al-Bekairy A, Al-Katheri A, Al Harbi S, Mansour M. Topical versus subconjunctival anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy (bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept) for treatment of corneal neovascularization. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2017;31(2):99-105.
- Gupta AA, Mammo DA, Page MA. Intrastromal bevacizumab in the management of corneal neovascularization: a retrospective review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(1):167-73.
- Lai SC, Loh EW, Chiou DI, Hong CT. Efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents on corneal neovascularization: a meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases. 2023;11(30):7337-49.
- Dohlman TH, Omoto M, Hua J, Stevenson W, Lee SM, Chauhan SK, et al. VEGF-trap aflibercept significantly improves long-term graft survival in high-risk corneal transplantation. Transplantation. 2015;99(4):678-86.
- Reuer T, Schneider AC, Cakir B, Bühler AD, Walz JM, Lapp T, et al. Semaphorin 3F modulates corneal lymphangiogenesis and promotes corneal graft survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(12):5277-84.
- Kaufman SC, Jacobs DS, Lee WB, Deng SX, Rosenblatt MI, Shtein RM. Options and adjuvants in surgery for pterygium: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(1):201-8.
- Cheng HC, Tseng SH, Kao PL, Chen FK. Low-dose intraoperative mitomycin C as chemoadjuvant for pterygium surgery. Cornea. 2001;20(1):24-9.
- Frucht-Pery J, Siganos CS, Ilsar M. Intraoperative application of topical mitomycin C for pterygium surgery. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(4):674-7.
- Frucht-Pery J, Rozenman Y. Mitomycin C therapy for corneal intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;117(2):164-8.
- Joag MG, Sise A, Murillo JC, Sayed-Ahmed IO, Wong JR, Mercado C, et al. Topical 5-fluorouracil 1% as primary treatment for ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(7):1442-8.
- Venkateswaran N, Mercado C, Galor A, Karp CL. Comparison of topical 5-fluorouracil and interferon alfa-2b as primary treatment modalities for ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;199:216-22.
- Nanji AA, Sayyad FE, Karp CL. Topical chemotherapy for ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2013;24(4):336-42.
- Al Bayyat G, Arreaza-Kaufman D, Venkateswaran N, Galor A, Karp CL. Update on pharmacotherapy for ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Eye Vis (Lond). 2019;6:24.
- Nanji AA, Moon CS, Galor A, Sein J, Oellers P, Karp CL. Surgical versus medical treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia: a comparison of recurrences and complications. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(5):994-1000.
- Kurli M, Finger PT. Topical mitomycin chemotherapy for conjunctival malignant melanoma and primary acquired melanosis with atypia: 12 years’ experience. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243(11):1108-14.
- Ferreri AJ, Govi S, Colucci A, Crocchiolo R, Modorati G. Intralesional rituximab: a new therapeutic approach for patients with conjunctival lymphomas. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(1):24-8.
- Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med. 2003;9(6):669-76.
- Saharinen P, Eklund L, Alitalo K. Therapeutic targeting of the angiopoietin-TIE pathway. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16(9):635-61.
- Regula JT, von Leithner PL, Foxton R, Olmariri VM, Cheng CY, Deak L, et al. Targeting key angiogenic pathways with a bispecific CrossMAb optimized for neovascular eye diseases. EMBO Mol Med. 2016;8(11):1265-88.
- Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, Boyer DS, Kaiser PK, Chung CY, et al; MARINA Study Group. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(14):1419-31.
- Brown DM, Kaiser PK, Michels M, Soubrane G, Heier JS, Kim RY, et al; ANCHOR Study Group. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(14):1432-44.
- Heier JS, Brown DM, Chong V, Korobelnik JF, Kaiser PK, Nguyen QD, et al; VIEW 1 and VIEW 2 Study Groups. Intravitreal aflibercept (VEGF trap-eye) in wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(12):2537-48.
- Dugel PU, Koh A, Ogura Y, Jaffe GJ, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Brown DM, et al; HAWK and HARRIER Study Investigators. HAWK and HARRIER: phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-masked trials of brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(1):72-84.
- Heier JS, Khanani AM, Quezada Ruiz C, Basu K, Ferrone PJ, Brittain C, et al; TENAYA and LUCERNE Investigators. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab up to every 16 weeks for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (TENAYA and LUCERNE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet. 2022;399(10326):729-40.
- Lanzetta P, Korobelnik JF, Heier JS, Leal S, Holz FG, Clark WL, et al; PULSAR Investigators. Intravitreal aflibercept 8 mg in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (PULSAR): 48-week results from a randomised, double-masked, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024;403(10432):1141-52.
- Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network; Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, Jampol LM, Aiello LP, Antoszyk AN, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(13):1193-203.
- Wykoff CC, Abreu F, Adamis AP, Basu K, Eichenbaum DA, Haskova Z, et al; YOSEMITE and RHINE Investigators. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2022;399(10326):741-55.
- Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Singh RP, Li Z, Gray S, Saroj N, et al; CRUISE Investigators. Ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase III study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(6):1124-33.e1.
- Wolf S, Balciuniene VJ, Laganovska G, Menchini U, Ohno-Matsui K, Sharma T, et al; RADIANCE Study Group. RADIANCE: a randomized controlled study of ranibizumab in patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathologic myopia. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(3):682-92.e2.
- Mintz-Hittner HA, Kennedy KA, Chuang AZ; BEAT-ROP Cooperative Group. Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(7):603-15.
- Stahl A, Lepore D, Fielder A, Fleck B, Reynolds JD, Chiang MF, et al; RAINBOW Investigators. Ranibizumab versus laser therapy for the treatment of very low birthweight infants with retinopathy of prematurity (RAINBOW): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10208):1551-9.
- Baumal CR, Spaide RF, Vajzovic L, Freund KB, Walter SD, John V, et al. Retinal vasculitis and intraocular inflammation after intravitreal injection of brolucizumab. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(10):1345-59.
- Solomon SD, Lindsley K, Vedula SS, Krzystolik MG, Hawkins BS. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(8):CD005139.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves first interchangeable biosimilars to Eylea (aflibercept) to treat macular degeneration and other eye conditions [Internet]. 2024. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/
- Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1417-36.
- Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the AREDS2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309(19):2005-15.
- Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, Domalpally A, Keenan TDL, Vitale S, et al; AREDS2 Research Group. Long-term outcomes of adding lutein/zeaxanthin and ω-3 fatty acids to the AREDS supplements on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report 28. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(7):692-8.
- Heier JS, Lad EM, Holz FG, Rosenfeld PJ, Guymer RH, Boyer D, et al; OAKS and DERBY study investigators. Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2023;402(10411):1434-48.
- Khanani AM, Patel SS, Staurenghi G, Tadayoni R, Danzig CJ, Eichenbaum DA, et al; GATHER2 Trial Investigators. Efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol in patients with geographic atrophy (GATHER2): 12-month results from a randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10411):1449-58.
- Jaffe GJ, Westby K, Csaky KG, Monés J, Pearlman JA, Patel SS, et al. C5 inhibitor avacincaptad pegol for geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration: a randomized pivotal phase 2/3 trial. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(4):576-86.
- Witkin AJ, Jaffe GJ, Srivastava SK, Davis JL, Kim JE. Retinal vasculitis after intravitreal pegcetacoplan: report from the ASRS Research and Safety in Therapeutics (ReST) Committee. J Vitreoretin Dis. 2024;8(1):9-20.
- Holz FG, Sadda SR, Busbee B, Chew EY, Mitchell P, Tufail A, et al; Chroma and Spectri Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety of lampalizumab for geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration: Chroma and Spectri phase 3 randomized clinical trials. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(6):666-77.
- Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy (TAP) Study Group. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: one-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials — TAP report 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117(10):1329-45.
- Bressler NM; Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy (TAP) Study Group. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: two-year results — TAP report 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(2):198-207.
- van Dijk EHC, Fauser S, Breukink MB, Blanco-Garavito R, Groenewoud JMM, Keunen JEE, et al. Half-dose photodynamic therapy versus high-density subthreshold micropulse laser treatment in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy: the PLACE trial. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(10):1547-55.
- Koh A, Lee WK, Chen LJ, Chen SJ, Hashad Y, Kim H, et al. EVEREST study: efficacy and safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy in combination with ranibizumab or alone versus ranibizumab monotherapy in patients with symptomatic macular polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Retina. 2012;32(8):1453-64.
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-86.
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-53.
- Chew EY, Ambrosius WT, Davis MD, Danis RP, Gangaputra S, Greven CM, et al; ACCORD Study Group; ACCORD Eye Study Group. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):233-44.
- UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998;317(7160):703-13.
- Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, O’Day J, Davis TM, Moffitt MS, et al; FIELD Study Investigators. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9600):1687-97.
- Preiss D, Logue J, Sammons E, Zayed M, Emberson J, Wade R, et al; LENS Collaborative Group. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of diabetic retinopathy (LENS). NEJM Evid. 2024;3(8):EVIDoa2400179.
- Elman MJ, Aiello LP, Beck RW, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Edwards AR, et al; Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(6):1064-1077.e35.
- Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM, Boyer DS, Patel S, Feiner L, et al; RISE and RIDE Research Group. Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDE. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(4):789-801.
- Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, Jampol LM, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, et al; Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1351-9.
- Baker CW, Glassman AR, Beaulieu WT, Antoszyk AN, Browning DJ, Chalam KV, et al; DRCR Retina Network. Effect of initial management with aflibercept vs laser photocoagulation vs observation on vision loss among patients with diabetic macular edema involving the center of the macula and good visual acuity: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1880-94.
- Gross JG, Glassman AR, Jampol LM, Inusah S, Aiello LP, Antoszyk AN, et al; Writing Committee for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Panretinal photocoagulation vs intravitreous ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(20):2137-46.
- Sebag J. Pharmacologic vitreolysis. Retina. 1998;18(1):1-3.
- Stalmans P, Benz MS, Gandorfer A, Kampik A, Girach A, Pakola S, et al; MIVI-TRUST Study Group. Enzymatic vitreolysis with ocriplasmin for vitreomacular traction and macular holes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(7):606-15.
- Fahim AT, Khan NW, Johnson MW. Acute panretinal structural and functional abnormalities after intravitreous ocriplasmin injection. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(4):484-6.
- Chen Y, Kearns VR, Zhou L, Sandinha T, Lam WC, Steel DH, et al. Silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery: indications, complications, new developments and alternative long-term tamponade agents. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021;99(3):240-50.
- Miller JB, Papakostas TD, Vavvas DG. Complications of emulsified silicone oil after retinal detachment repair. Semin Ophthalmol. 2014;29(5-6):312-8.
- Engelbrecht NE, Freeman J, Sternberg P Jr, Aaberg TM Sr, Aaberg TM Jr, Martin DF, et al. Retinal pigment epithelial changes after macular hole surgery with indocyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(1):89-94.
- Enaida H, Hisatomi T, Hata Y, Ueno A, Goto Y, Yamada T, et al. Brilliant blue G selectively stains the internal limiting membrane/brilliant blue G-assisted membrane peeling. Retina. 2006;26(6):631-6.
- Peyman GA, Cheema R, Conway MD, Fang T. Triamcinolone acetonide as an aid to visualization of the vitreous and the posterior hyaloid during pars plana vitrectomy. Retina. 2000;20(5):554-5.
- Pastor JC, Rojas J, Pastor-Idoate S, Di Lauro S, Gonzalez-Buendia L, Delgado-Tirado S. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: a new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical consequences. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2016;51:125-55.
- Asaria RH, Kon CH, Bunce C, Charteris DG, Wong D, Khaw PT, et al. Adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and heparin prevents proliferative vitreoretinopathy: results from a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(7):1179-83.
- Charteris DG, Aylward GW, Wong D, Groenewald C, Asaria RH, Bunce C; PVR Study Group. A randomized controlled trial of combined 5-fluorouracil and low-molecular-weight heparin in management of established proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(12):2240-5.
- Wiedemann P, Hilgers RD, Bauer P, Heimann K. Adjunctive daunorubicin in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: results of a multicenter clinical trial. Daunomycin Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126(4):550-9.
- Fouad Aziz JH, Abd Al-Hakim Zaki M, Abd El-Fattah El-Shazly A, Mamoun T, Abdel Ghaffar Helmy RO, Hashem MH. Intravitreal methotrexate infusion for prophylaxis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy after pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol. 2022;11(3):95-103.
- Bourke RD, Cooling RJ. Perfluorocarbon heavy liquids. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1995;23(3):165-71.
- Treacy MP, Conway MP, Hammoud MA, Duignan ES, Ahearne M, Ezra E. Direct exchange of perfluorocarbon liquid for silicone oil: a surgical technique to control pressure and avoid retinal slippage. Retina. 2023;43(12):2104-8.
- Lee GA, Finnegan SJ, Bourke RD. Subretinal perfluorodecalin toxicity. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1998;26(1):57-60.
- Sirimaharaj M, Balachandran C, Chan WC, Hunyor AP, Chang AA, Gregory-Roberts J, et al. Vitrectomy with short term postoperative tamponade using perfluorocarbon liquid for giant retinal tears. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(9):1176-9.
- Eiger-Moscovich M, Gershoni A, Axer-Siegel R, Weinberger D, Ehrlich R. Short-term vitreoretinal tamponade with heavy liquid following surgery for giant retinal tear. Curr Eye Res. 2017;42(7):1074-8.
- Maguire AM, Simonelli F, Pierce EA, Pugh EN Jr, Mingozzi F, Bennicelli J, et al. Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber’s congenital amaurosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(21):2240-8.
- Maguire AM, Russell S, Chung DC, Yu ZF, Tillman A, Drack AV, et al. Durability of voretigene neparvovec for biallelic RPE65-mediated inherited retinal disease: phase 3 results at 3 and 4 years. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(10):1460-8.
- Trapani I, Auricchio A. Seeing the light after 25 years of retinal gene therapy. Trends Mol Med. 2018;24(8):669-81.
- MacLaren RE, Groppe M, Barnard AR, Cottriall CL, Tolmachova T, Seymour L, et al. Retinal gene therapy in patients with choroideremia: initial findings from a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9923):1129-37.
- Schwartz SD, Regillo CD, Lam BL, Eliott D, Rosenfeld PJ, Gregori NZ, et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt’s macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies. Lancet. 2015;385(9967):509-16.
- da Cruz L, Fynes K, Georgiadis O, Kerby J, Luo YH, Ahmado A, et al. Phase 1 clinical study of an embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium patch in age-related macular degeneration. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36(4):328-37.
- Kashani AH, Lebkowski JS, Rahhal FM, Avery RL, Salehi-Had H, Dang W, et al. A bioengineered retinal pigment epithelial monolayer for advanced, dry age-related macular degeneration. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10(435):eaao4097.
- Mandai M, Watanabe A, Kurimoto Y, Hirami Y, Morinaga C, Daimon T, et al. Autologous induced stem-cell-derived retinal cells for macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(11):1038-46.
- Russell SR, Drack AV, Cideciyan AV, Jacobson SG, Leroy BP, Van Cauwenbergh C, et al. Intravitreal antisense oligonucleotide sepofarsen in Leber congenital amaurosis type 10: a phase 1b/2 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(5):1014-21.
- Cideciyan AV, Jacobson SG, Ho AC, Garafalo AV, Roman AJ, Sumaroka A, et al. Durable vision improvement after a single treatment with antisense oligonucleotide sepofarsen: a case report. Nat Med. 2021;27(5):785-9.
- Maeder ML, Stefanidakis M, Wilson CJ, Baral R, Barrera LA, Bounoutas GS, et al. Development of a gene-editing approach to restore vision loss in Leber congenital amaurosis type 10. Nat Med. 2019;25(2):229-33.
- Pierce EA, Aleman TS, Jayasundera KT, Ashimatey BS, Kim K, Rashid A, et al. Gene editing for CEP290-associated retinal degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(21):1972-84.
- Klopstock T, Yu-Wai-Man P, Dimitriadis K, Rouleau J, Heck S, Bailie M, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of idebenone in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 9):2677-86.
- Yu-Wai-Man P, Newman NJ, Carelli V, Moster ML, Biousse V, Sadun AA, et al. Bilateral visual improvement with unilateral gene therapy injection for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(573):eaaz7423.
- Newman NJ, Yu-Wai-Man P, Subramanian PS, Moster ML, Wang AG, Donahue SP, et al. Randomised trial of bilateral gene therapy injection for m.11778G>A MT-ND4 Leber optic neuropathy (REFLECT). Brain. 2023;146(4):1328-41.
- Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, Law AKP, Chan JJ, Wong E, et al. Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% atropine eye drops in myopia control. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(1):113-24.
- Zhang XJ, Zhang Y, Yip BHK, Tang F, Wang YM, Li Y, et al. Five-year clinical trial of the Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) study: phase 4 report. Ophthalmology. 2024;131(9):1011-20.
- Bhatia J, Varghese RM, Bhatia A. Effect of 10% phenylephrine eye drops on systemic blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Oman Med J. 2009;24(1):30-2.
- Abdelhalim AA, Alarfaj AM. Severe hypertension and pulmonary edema associated with systemic absorption of topical phenylephrine in a child during retinal surgery. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012;6(3):285-8.
- Hovanesian JA, Sheppard JD, Trattler WB, Gayton JL, Malhotra RP, Schaaf DT, et al. Intracameral phenylephrine and ketorolac during cataract surgery to maintain intraoperative mydriasis and reduce postoperative ocular pain. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2015;41(10):2060-8.
- Deeks ED. Tropicamide/phenylephrine/lidocaine intracameral injection: a review in cataract surgery. Clin Drug Investig. 2019;39(11):1133-9.
- Labetoulle M, Findl O, Malecaze F, Alió J, Cochener B, Lobo C, et al; Intracameral Combination Mydriatic Study Group. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a standardised intracameral combination of mydriatics and anaesthetics for cataract surgery. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100(7):976-85.
- Isenberg S, Everett S, Parelhoff E. A comparison of mydriatic eyedrops in low-weight infants. Ophthalmology. 1984;91(3):278-9.
- Seliniotaki AK, Haidich AB, Moutzouri S, Lithoxopoulou M, Ziakas N, Mataftsi A; MyMiROPS Study Group. Efficacy and safety of mydriatic microdrops for retinopathy of prematurity screening: the MyMiROPS randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2025;143(2):110-6.
- Determination that REV-EYES (dapiprazole hydrochloride ophthalmic solution) 0.5% was not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness. Fed Regist. 2013.
- Pepose JS, Wirta D, Evans D, Slonim CB, Sadri E, Charizanis K, et al. Reversal of pharmacologically induced mydriasis with phentolamine ophthalmic solution. Ophthalmology. 2025;132(1):79-91.
- Pepose JS, Foster S, Pearson C, Brigell M, Charizanis K. Reversal of pharmacologic mydriasis in pediatric subjects with Ryzumvi (0.75% phentolamine ophthalmic solution): a post-hoc pooled analysis from three randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. Clin Ophthalmol. 2026;20:563499.
- Viatris; Ocuphire Pharma. FDA approval of RYZUMVI (phentolamine ophthalmic solution) 0.75% [Internet]. 27 sep 2023. Disponible en: https://investor.viatris.com/
- Scholz A. Mechanisms of (local) anaesthetics on voltage-gated sodium and other ion channels. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89(1):52-61.
- Becker DE, Reed KL. Local anesthetics: review of pharmacological considerations. Anesth Prog. 2012;59(2):90-102.
- Bartfield JM, Holmes TJ, Raccio-Robak N. A comparison of proparacaine and tetracaine eye anesthetics. Acad Emerg Med. 1994;1(4):364-7.
- Dias PB, Rodrigues Parchen MDA, Wasilewski D. Comparison of proparacaine, tetracaine, and oxybuprocaine in corneal sensitivity measurement. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2024;40(4):215-21.
- Minakaran N, Ezra DG, Allan BDS. Topical anaesthesia plus intracameral lidocaine versus topical anaesthesia alone for phacoemulsification cataract surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;7(7):CD005276.
- Figus M, Giansanti F, Villani E, Alió JL, Jančo L, Mercuri S, et al. Chloroprocaine 3% gel as a novel ocular topical anesthetic: results from a multicenter, randomized clinical trial in patients undergoing cataract surgery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2024;40(2):117-25.
- Patel M, Fraunfelder FW. Toxicity of topical ophthalmic anesthetics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013;9(8):983-8.
- Yagci A, Bozkurt B, Egrilmez S, Palamar M, Ozturk BT, Pekel H. Topical anesthetic abuse keratopathy: a commonly overlooked health care problem. Cornea. 2011;30(5):571-5.
- Varga JH, Rubinfeld RS, Wolf TC, Stutzman RD, Peele KA, Clifford WS, et al. Topical anesthetic abuse ring keratitis: report of four cases. Cornea. 1997;16(4):424-9.
- Shipman S, Painter K, Keuchel M, Bogie C. Short-term topical tetracaine is highly efficacious for the treatment of pain caused by corneal abrasions: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2021;77(3):338-44.
- Black A, Boswell K, Montenegro D. Topical ophthalmic anesthetic use for sterile corneal abrasion in the emergency department. Eye Contact Lens. 2023;49(1):30-4.
- Shen HC, Hou YC. Toxic keratopathy associated with topical abuse of low-concentration anesthetics: a report of two cases. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(5):903-4.
- Faktorovich EG, Melwani K. Efficacy and safety of pain relief medications after photorefractive keratectomy: review of prospective randomized trials. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2014;40(10):1716-30.
- Bandamwar KL, Papas EB, Garrett Q. Fluorescein staining and physiological state of corneal epithelial cells. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2014;37(3):213-23.
- Campbell TD, Gnugnoli DM. Seidel test. En: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
- Paugh JR, Tse J, Nguyen T, Sasai A, Chen E, De Jesus MT, et al. Efficacy of the fluorescein tear breakup time test in dry eye. Cornea. 2020;39(1):92-8.
- Kwiterovich KA, Maguire MG, Murphy RP, Schachat AP, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, et al. Frequency of adverse systemic reactions after fluorescein angiography. Results of a prospective study. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(7):1139-42.
- Kornblau IS, El-Annan JF. Adverse reactions to fluorescein angiography: a comprehensive review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 2019;64(5):679-93.
- Hope-Ross M, Yannuzzi LA, Gragoudas ES, Guyer DR, Slakter JS, Sorenson JA, et al. Adverse reactions due to indocyanine green. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(3):529-33.
- Stanga PE, Lim JI, Hamilton P. Indocyanine green angiography in chorioretinal diseases: indications and interpretation: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(1):15-21.
- Yannuzzi LA, Slakter JS, Sorenson JA, Guyer DR, Orlock DA. Digital indocyanine green videoangiography and choroidal neovascularization. Retina. 1992;12(3):191-223.
- Su Z, Ye P, Teng Y, Zhang L, Shu X. Adverse reaction in patients with drug allergy history after simultaneous intravenous fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2012;28(4):410-3.
- Manning FJ, Wehrly SR, Foulks GN. Patient tolerance and ocular surface staining characteristics of lissamine green versus rose bengal. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(12):1953-7.
- Barabino S, Aragona P, Rolando M, Giannaccare G, Villani E, Vagge A, et al. Lissamine green in ophthalmology: a comprehensive review of diagnostic and clinical applications. Ophthalmol Ther. 2025;14(8):1649-60.
- Wolffsohn JS, Arita R, Chalmers R, Djalilian A, Dogru M, Dumbleton K, et al. TFOS DEWS II Diagnostic Methodology report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):539-74.
- van Bijsterveld OP. Diagnostic tests in the sicca syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1969;82(1):10-4.
- Lemp MA. Report of the National Eye Institute/Industry workshop on Clinical Trials in Dry Eyes. CLAO J. 1995;21(4):221-32.
- Bron AJ, Evans VE, Smith JA. Grading of corneal and conjunctival staining in the context of other dry eye tests. Cornea. 2003;22(7):640-50.
- Nikolopoulou E, Lorusso M, Micelli Ferrari L, Cicinelli MV, Bandello F, Querques G, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography versus dye angiography in age-related macular degeneration: sensitivity and specificity analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:6724818.
- Kardon RH, Denison CE, Brown CK, Thompson HS. Critical evaluation of the cocaine test in the diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108(3):384-7.
- Bremner F. Apraclonidine is better than cocaine for detection of Horner syndrome. Front Neurol. 2019;10:55.
- Chen PL, Hsiao CH, Chen JT, Lu DW, Chen WY. Efficacy of apraclonidine 0.5% in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome in pediatric patients under low or high illumination. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(3):469-74.
- Garibaldi DC, Hindman HB, Grant MP, Iliff NT, Merbs SL. Effect of 0.5% apraclonidine on ptosis in Horner syndrome. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(1):53-5.
- Kawasaki A, Borruat FX. False negative apraclonidine test in two patients with Horner syndrome. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2008;225(5):520-2.
- Danesh-Meyer HV, Savino P, Sergott R. The correlation of phenylephrine 1% with hydroxyamphetamine 1% in Horner’s syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(4):592-3.
- Yoo YJ, Hwang JM, Yang HK. Dilute pilocarpine test for diagnosis of Adie’s tonic pupil. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10089.
- Edrophonium. En: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Documenta la discontinuación del edrofonio diagnóstico por la FDA en 2018.
- Sethi KD, Rivner MH, Swift TR. Ice pack test for myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 1987;37(8):1383-5.
- Golnik KC, Pena R, Lee AG, Eggenberger ER. An ice test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(7):1282-6.
- Yoganathan K, Stevenson A, Tahir A, Sadler R, Radunovic A, Malek N. Bedside and laboratory diagnostic testing in myasthenia. J Neurol. 2022;269(6):3372-84.
- Yamada R, Hirose F, Matsuki T, Kameda T, Kurimoto Y. Comparison of mydriatic provocative and dark room prone provocative tests for anterior chamber angle configuration. J Glaucoma. 2016;25(6):482-6.
- Zhao LQ, Zhu H, Zhao PQ, Wu QR, Hu YQ. Topical anesthesia versus regional anesthesia for cataract surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(4):659-667. PMID: 22365066. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.056
- Jaichandran VV. Ophthalmic regional anaesthesia: a review and update. Indian J Anaesth. 2013;57(1):7-13. PMID: 23716759. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.108552
- Masket S, Gokmen F. Efficacy and safety of intracameral lidocaine as a supplement to topical anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1998;24(7):956-960. PMID: 9682117. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(98)80050-3
- Abo Zeid M, Elrosasy A, Khalefa K, Elhadary M, Mohamed SF, Elkelany A, et al. Optimizing pain management and pupil dilation in cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of phenylephrine/ketorolac (OMIDRIA). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2025;263(8):2265-2275. PMID: 40155503. doi: 10.1007/s00417-025-06811-y
- Woodward DK, Leung AT, Tse MW, Law RW, Lam DS, Ngan Kee WD. Peribulbar anaesthesia with 1% ropivacaine and hyaluronidase 300 IU ml-1: comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine/2% lidocaine and hyaluronidase 50 IU ml-1. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(4):618-620. PMID: 11064623. doi: 10.1093/bja/85.4.618
- Guay J, Sales K. Sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia versus topical anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(8):CD006291. PMID: 26308931. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006291.pub3
- Song IA, Seo KS, Oh AY, Baik JS, Kim JH, Hwang JW, et al. Dexmedetomidine injection during strabismus surgery reduces emergence agitation without increasing the oculocardiac reflex in children: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0162785. PMID: 27617832. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162785
- Chidiac EJ, Raiskin AO. Succinylcholine and the open eye. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2006;19(2):279-285. PMID: 16701165. doi: 10.1016/j.ohc.2006.02.015
- Yang YF, Herbert L, Rüschen H, Cooling RJ. Nitrous oxide anaesthesia in the presence of intraocular gas can cause irreversible blindness. BMJ. 2002;325(7363):532-533. PMID: 12217995. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7363.532
- Neal JM, Neal EJ, Weinberg GL. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist: 2020 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(1):81-82. PMID: 33148630. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101986
- Babu N, Kumar J, Kohli P, Ahuja A, Shah P, Ramasamy K. Clinical presentation and management of eyes with globe perforation during peribulbar and retrobulbar anesthesia: a retrospective case series. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2022;36(1):16-25. PMID: 34743491. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2021.0090
- Lucena DR, Ribeiro MSA, Messias A, et al. Comparison of corneal changes after phacoemulsification using BSS Plus versus Lactated Ringer’s irrigating solution: a prospective randomised trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(4):485-489. PMID: 20584708. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2009.172502
- Arshinoff SA. Dispersive-cohesive viscoelastic soft shell technique. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25(2):167-173. PMID: 9951659. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(99)80121-7
- Arshinoff SA. Using BSS with viscoadaptives in the ultimate soft-shell technique. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(9):1509-1514. PMID: 12231302. doi: 10.1016/S0886-3350(01)01251-2
- Chang DF, Campbell JR. Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome associated with tamsulosin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005;31(4):664-673. PMID: 15899440. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2005.02.027
- Christou CD, Esagian SM, Ziakas N, Prousali E, Tzamalis A. Factors predisposing to intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome: an up-to-date meta-analysis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2022;48(11):1335-1341. PMID: 35858619. doi: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000001017
- Lorente R, de Rojas V, Vázquez de Parga P, et al. Intracameral phenylephrine 1.5% for prophylaxis against intraoperative floppy iris syndrome: prospective, randomized fellow eye study. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2053-2058. PMID: 22709418. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.04.028
- Melles GR, de Waard PW, Pameyer JH, Houdijn Beekhuis W. Trypan blue capsule staining to visualize the capsulorhexis in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25(1):7-9. PMID: 9888070. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(99)80004-2
- Xiao Y, Wang YH, Fu ZY, et al. Staining the anterior capsule with indocyanine green or trypan blue for capsulorhexis in eyes with white cataract. Int Ophthalmol. 2004;25(5-6):273-276. PMID: 16532289. doi: 10.1007/s10792-005-2228-4
- Guo S, Patel S, Baumrind B, et al. Management of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015;60(2):123-137. PMID: 25438734. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.08.005
- Steigleman WA, Rose-Nussbaumer J, Al-Mohtaseb Z, Santhiago MR, Lin CC, Pantanelli SM, Kim SJ, Schallhorn JM. Management of pain after photorefractive keratectomy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2023;130(1):87-98. PMID: 36207168. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.07.028
- Pakravan M, Roshani M, Yazdani S, Faramazi A, Yaseri M. Pregabalin and gabapentin for post-photorefractive keratectomy pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(Suppl 7):S106-S113. PMID: 22577038. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000143
- Netto MV, Mohan RR, Ambrósio R Jr, Hutcheon AEK, Zieske JD, Wilson SE. Wound healing in the cornea: a review of refractive surgery complications and new prospects for therapy. Cornea. 2005;24(5):509-522. PMID: 15968154. doi: 10.1097/01.ico.0000151544.23360.17
- Majmudar PA, Forstot SL, Dennis RF, Nirankari VS, Damiano RE, Brenart R, Epstein RJ. Topical mitomycin-C for subepithelial fibrosis after refractive corneal surgery. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(1):89-94. PMID: 10647725. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00019-6
- Carones F, Vigo L, Scandola E, Vacchini L. Evaluation of the prophylactic use of mitomycin-C to inhibit haze formation after photorefractive keratectomy. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(12):2088-2095. PMID: 12498842. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(02)01701-7
- Virasch VV, Majmudar PA, Epstein RJ, Vaidya NS, Dennis RF. Reduced application time for prophylactic mitomycin C in photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(5):885-889. PMID: 20163867. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.10.024
- Hofmeister EM, Bishop FM, Kaupp SE, Schallhorn SC. Randomized dose-response analysis of mitomycin-C to prevent haze after photorefractive keratectomy for high myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013;39(9):1358-1365. PMID: 23830559. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.03.029
- Ouerdane Y, Zaazouee MS, Mohamed MEA, Hasan MT, Hamdy M, Ghoneim AM, Gbreel MI, Ibrahim AM, Ragab KM, Nourelden AZ. Mitomycin C application after photorefractive keratectomy in high, moderate, or low myopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(12):3421-3431. PMID: 34826969. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_3768_20
- Gupta A, Muecke J. Treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia with mitomycin C. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(5):555-558. PMID: 20447963. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2009.168294
- Kharod-Dholakia B, Randleman JB, Bromley JG, Stulting RD. Prevention and treatment of corneal graft rejection: current practice patterns of the Cornea Society (2011). Cornea. 2015;34(6):609-614. PMID: 25811719. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000403
- Writing Committee for the Cornea Donor Study Research Group; Sugar A, Gal RL, Kollman C, et al. Factors associated with corneal graft survival in the Cornea Donor Study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(3):246-254. PMID: 25322173. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3923
- Reinhard T, Reis A, Böhringer D, Malinowski M, Voiculescu A, Heering P, Godehardt E, Sundmacher R. Systemic mycophenolate mofetil in comparison with systemic cyclosporin A in high-risk keratoplasty patients: 3 years’ results of a randomized prospective clinical trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;239(5):367-372. PMID: 11482341. doi: 10.1007/s004170100285
- Magalhaes OA, Marinho DR, Kwitko S. Topical 0.03% tacrolimus preventing rejection in high-risk corneal transplantation: a cohort study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(11):1395-1398. PMID: 24008822. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303639
- Anshu A, Price MO, Price FW Jr. Risk of corneal transplant rejection significantly reduced with Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(3):536-540. PMID: 22218143. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.09.019
- Price MO, Feng MT, Scanameo A, Price FW Jr. Loteprednol etabonate 0.5% gel vs. prednisolone acetate 1% solution after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty: prospective randomized trial. Cornea. 2015;34(8):853-858. PMID: 26020827. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000475
- Hashemian MN, Latifi G, Ghaffari R, Ghassemi H, Zarei-Ghanavati M, Mohammadi SF, Yasseri M, Fallah Tafti MR, Fallah Tafti Z. Topical tacrolimus as adjuvant therapy to corticosteroids in acute endothelial graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Cornea. 2018;37(3):307-312. PMID: 29215395. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001408
- Moloney G, Petsoglou C, Ball M, Kerdraon Y, Höllhumer R, Spiteri N, Beheregaray S, Hampson J, D’Souza M, Devasahayam RN. Descemetorhexis without grafting for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy—supplementation with topical ripasudil. Cornea. 2017;36(6):642-648. PMID: 28476048. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001209
- Kinoshita S, Koizumi N, Ueno M, Okumura N, Imai K, Tanaka H, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura T, Inatomi T, Bush J, Toda M, Hagiya M, Yokota I, Teramukai S, Sotozono C, Hamuro J. Injection of cultured cells with a ROCK inhibitor for bullous keratopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(11):995-1003. PMID: 29539291. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1712770
- McGetrick JJ, Jampol LM, Goldberg MF, Frenkel M, Fiscella RG. Aminocaproic acid decreases secondary hemorrhage after traumatic hyphema. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101(7):1031-1033. PMID: 6870623. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020033003
- Gharaibeh A, Savage HI, Scherer RW, Goldberg MF, Lindsley K. Medical interventions for traumatic hyphema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1(1):CD005431. PMID: 30640411. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005431.pub4
- Albiani DA, Hodge WG, Pan YI, Urton TE, Clarke WN. Tranexamic acid in the treatment of pediatric traumatic hyphema. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008;43(4):428-431. PMID: 18711456. doi: 10.1139/i08-066
- Fujimura AY Jr, Cyrino LG, Alves Ribeiro VE, Amaral DC, Maia RM, da Anunciação Ginguerra MA, et al. The role of tranexamic acid in oculoplastic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2025;41(6):616-624. PMID: 41186300. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000002898
- Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Tissue plasminogen activator therapy for the eye. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(11):1390-1391. PMID: 16234434. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2005.074401
- Wedrich A, Menapace R, Ries E, Polzer I. Intracameral tissue plasminogen activator to treat severe fibrinous effusion after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23(6):873-877. PMID: 9292671. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(97)80246-5
- Hassan AS, Johnson MW, Schneiderman TE, Regillo CD, Tornambe PE, Poliner LS, et al. Management of submacular hemorrhage with intravitreous tissue plasminogen activator injection and pneumatic displacement. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(10):1900-1906. PMID: 10519583. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90399-8
- Gabrielle PH, Delyfer MN, Glacet-Bernard A, Conart JB, Uzzan J, Kodjikian L, et al. Surgery, tissue plasminogen activator, antiangiogenic agents, and age-related macular degeneration study: a randomized controlled trial for submacular hemorrhage secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2023;130(9):947-957. PMID: 37088447. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.04.014
- Chen SN, Yang TC, Ho CL, Kuo YH, Yip Y, Chao AN. Retinal toxicity of intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator: case report and literature review. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(4):704-708. PMID: 12689889. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01979-6
- Anchouche S, Harissi-Dagher M, Segal L, Racine L, Darvish-Zargar M, Robert MC. Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for the treatment of corneal thinning and perforations: a multicenter study. Cornea. 2020;39(11):1371-1376. PMID: 32732701. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002436
- Setlik DE, Seldomridge DL, Adelman RA, Semchyshyn TM, Afshari NA. The effectiveness of isobutyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for the treatment of corneal perforations. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(5):920-921. PMID: 16310475. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.04.062
- Romano V, Cruciani M, Conti L, Fontana L. Fibrin glue versus sutures for conjunctival autografting in primary pterygium surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;12(12):CD011308. PMID: 27911983. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011308.pub2
- Kucukerdonmez C, Karalezli A, Akova YA, Borazan M. Amniotic membrane transplantation using fibrin glue in pterygium surgery: a comparative randomised clinical trial. Eye (Lond). 2010;24(4):558-566. PMID: 19498450. doi: 10.1038/eye.2009.136
- Yeh DL, Bushley DM, Kim T. Treatment of traumatic LASIK flap dislocation and epithelial ingrowth with fibrin glue. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(5):960-962. PMID: 16678521. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.12.001
- Kara-Junior N, Koch CR, Santhiago MR, Fornari L, Caramelli B. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs during cataract surgery. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2018;81(4):348-353. PMID: 29995131. doi: 10.5935/0004-2749.20180069
- Patel R, Charles S, Jalil A. Antiplatelets and anticoagulants in vitreoretinal surgery, with a special emphasis on novel anticoagulants: a national survey and review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017;255(7):1275-1285. PMID: 28421343. doi: 10.1007/s00417-017-3664-3
- Maytal A, Naidorf Rosenblatt H, Rotem R, Segev F. Effect of direct oral anticoagulants on bleeding during and after cataract surgery. Int Ophthalmol. 2024;44(1):100. PMID: 38376717. doi: 10.1007/s10792-024-02944-x
- Scott AB. Botulinum toxin injection of eye muscles to correct strabismus. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1981;79:734-770. PMID: 7043872.
- Jankovic J. Botulinum toxin in clinical practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(7):951-957. PMID: 15201348. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.034702
- Pirazzini M, Rossetto O, Eleopra R, Montecucco C. Botulinum neurotoxins: biology, pharmacology, and toxicology. Pharmacol Rev. 2017;69(2):200-235. PMID: 28356439. doi: 10.1124/pr.116.012658
- Dashtipour K, Chen JJ, Espay AJ, Mari Z, Ondo W. OnabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA dose conversion: a systematic literature review. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2016;3(2):109-115. PMID: 27110585. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12235
- Frevert J. Pharmaceutical, biological, and clinical properties of botulinum neurotoxin type A products. Drugs R D. 2015;15(1):1-9. PMID: 25559581. doi: 10.1007/s40268-014-0077-1
- Martin MU, Frevert J, Tay CM. Complexing protein-free botulinum neurotoxin A formulations: implications of excipients for immunogenicity. Toxins (Basel). 2024;16(2):101. PMID: 38393178. doi: 10.3390/toxins16020101
- Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, Marques RE, Castelão M, Ferreira J, Sampaio C, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for blepharospasm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;11(11):CD004900. PMID: 33211907. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004900.pub3
- Duarte GS, Rodrigues FB, Castelão M, Marques RE, Ferreira J, Sampaio C, et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for hemifacial spasm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;11(11):CD004899. PMID: 33211908. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004899.pub3
- Bort-Martí AR, Rowe FJ, Ruiz Sifre L, Ng SM, Bort-Martí S, Ruiz Garcia V. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;3(3):CD006499. PMID: 36916692. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006499.pub5
- Binenbaum G, Chang MY, Heidary G, Morrison DG, Trivedi RH, Galvin JA, et al. Botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of strabismus: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(12):1766-1776. PMID: 34176652. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.05.009
- Kirkness CM, Adams GG, Dilly PN, Lee JP. Botulinum toxin A-induced protective ptosis in corneal disease. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(4):473-480. PMID: 3050691. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(88)33163-5
- Moers-Carpi M, Carruthers J, Fagien S, Lupo M, Delmar H, Jones D, et al. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for treating crow’s feet lines alone or in combination with glabellar lines: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(1):102-112. PMID: 25485803. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000220
- Rahman E, Alhitmi HK, Mosahebi A. Immunogenicity to botulinum toxin type A: a systematic review with meta-analysis across therapeutic indications. Aesthet Surg J. 2022;42(1):106-120. PMID: 33528495. doi: 10.1093/asj/sjab058
- Stephan F, Habre M, Tomb R. Clinical resistance to three types of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic medicine. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2014;13(4):346-348. PMID: 25399628. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12108
- Barnes MP, Best D, Kidd L, Roberts B, Stark S, Weeks P, et al. The use of botulinum toxin type-B in the treatment of patients who have become unresponsive to botulinum toxin type-A — initial experiences. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12(12):947-955. PMID: 16324088. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01095.x
- Carruthers JD, Fagien S, Joseph JH, Humphrey SD, Biesman BS, Gallagher CJ, et al. DaxibotulinumtoxinA for injection for the treatment of glabellar lines: results from each of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies (SAKURA 1 and SAKURA 2). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(1):45-58. PMID: 31609882. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000006327
- Bahn RS. Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(8):726-738. PMID: 20181974. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0905750
- Smith TJ, Hegedüs L. Graves’ Disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(16):1552-1565. PMID: 27797318. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1510030
- Mourits MP, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, Koornneef L. Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997;47(1):9-14. PMID: 9302365. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2331047.x
- Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, Dayan CM, Eckstein A, Marcocci C, et al.; EUGOGO. The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(4):G43-G67. PMID: 34297684. doi: 10.1530/EJE-21-0479
- Kahaly GJ, Pitz S, Hommel G, Dittmar M. Randomized, single blind trial of intravenous versus oral steroid monotherapy in Graves’ orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(9):5234-5240. PMID: 15998777. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0148
- Zang S, Ponto KA, Kahaly GJ. Clinical review: Intravenous glucocorticoids for Graves’ orbitopathy: efficacy and morbidity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(2):320-332. PMID: 21239515. doi: 10.1210/jc.2010-1962
- Bradley EA, Gower EW, Bradley DJ, Meyer DR, Cahill KV, Custer PL, et al. Orbital radiation for Graves ophthalmopathy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(2):398-409. PMID: 18082885. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.10.028
- Smith TJ, Kahaly GJ, Ezra DG, Fleming JC, Dailey RA, Tang RA, et al. Teprotumumab for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(18):1748-1761. PMID: 28467880. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614949
- Douglas RS, Kahaly GJ, Patel A, Sile S, Thompson EHZ, Perdok R, et al. Teprotumumab for the treatment of active thyroid eye disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(4):341-352. PMID: 31971679. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910434
- Kahaly GJ, Douglas RS, Holt RJ, Sile S, Smith TJ. Teprotumumab for patients with active thyroid eye disease: a pooled data analysis, subgroup analyses, and off-treatment follow-up results from two randomised, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicentre trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(6):360-372. PMID: 33865501. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00056-5
- Sears CM, Azad AD, Amarikwa L, Pham BH, Men CJ, Kaplan DN, et al. Hearing dysfunction after treatment with teprotumumab for thyroid eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;240:1-13. PMID: 35227694. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.02.015
- Douglas RS, Kahaly GJ, Ugradar S, Elflein H, Ponto KA, Fowler BT, et al. Teprotumumab efficacy, safety, and durability in longer-duration thyroid eye disease and re-treatment: OPTIC-X study. Ophthalmology. 2022;129(4):438-449. PMID: 34688699. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.10.017
- Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Currò N, Campi I, Covelli D, Dazzi D, et al. Efficacy of B-cell targeted therapy with rituximab in patients with active moderate to severe Graves’ orbitopathy: a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(2):422-431. PMID: 25494967. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-3014
- Perez-Moreiras JV, Gomez-Reino JJ, Maneiro JR, Perez-Pampin E, Romo Lopez A, Rodríguez Alvarez FM, et al. Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe corticosteroid-resistant Graves orbitopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;195:181-190. PMID: 30081019. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.038
- Kahaly GJ, Riedl M, König J, Pitz S, Ponto K, Diana T, et al.; European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). Mycophenolate plus methylprednisolone versus methylprednisolone alone in active, moderate-to-severe Graves’ orbitopathy (MINGO): a randomised, observer-masked, multicentre trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(4):287-298. PMID: 29396246. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30020-2
- Marcocci C, Kahaly GJ, Krassas GE, Bartalena L, Prummel M, Stahl M, et al.; European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy. Selenium and the course of mild Graves’ orbitopathy. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(20):1920-1931. PMID: 21591944. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1012985
- Yen MT, Cockerham K, Saeed P, Leibowitz S, Mudumbai RC, Schittkowski MP, et al.; THRIVE Study Group. THRIVE: a phase 3, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of veligrotug for active thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmology. 2026 (online ahead of print). PMID: 42223386. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.04.022
- Zhang H, Sun J, Li Y, Zhu L, Shan Z, Lu W, et al. IGF-1R inhibitor IBI311 for the treatment of active thyroid eye disease in Chinese patients: the RESTORE-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2025;143(11):964-971. PMID: 41066129. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.3350
- Mills DM, Bodman MG, Meyer DR, Morton AD 3rd; ASOPRS Dacryocystitis Study Group. The microbiologic spectrum of dacryocystitis: a national study of acute versus chronic infection. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(4):302-306. PMID: 17667103. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0b013e318070d237
- Kotlus BS, Rodgers IR, Udell IJ. Dacryocystitis caused by community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;21(5):371-375. PMID: 16234703. doi: 10.1097/01.iop.0000175035.22953.71
- Chi YC, Lin CC, Chiu TY. Microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility in adult dacryocystitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2024;18:575-582. PMID: 38414483. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S452707
- Mohney BG, Sathiamoorthi S, Frank RD. Spontaneous resolution rates in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction managed with massage or topical antibiotics compared with observation alone. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;106(9):1196-1199. PMID: 33731363. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318853
- Singh S, Ali MJ. Congenital dacryocystocele: a major review. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35(4):309-317. PMID: 30601463. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000001297
- Huang J, Malek J, Chin D, Snidvongs K, Wilcsek G, Tumuluri K, Sacks R, Harvey RJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis on outcomes for endoscopic versus external dacryocystorhinostomy. Orbit. 2014;33(2):81-90. PMID: 24354575. doi: 10.3109/01676830.2013.842253
- Feng YF, Yu JG, Shi JL, Huang JH, Sun YL, Zhao YE. A meta-analysis of primary external dacryocystorhinostomy with and without mitomycin C. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2012;19(6):364-370. PMID: 23171205. doi: 10.3109/09286586.2012.733792
- Cheng SM, Feng YF, Xu L, Li Y, Huang JH. Efficacy of mitomycin C in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e62737. PMID: 23675423. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062737
- Xue K, Mellington FE, Norris JH. Meta-analysis of the adjunctive use of mitomycin C in primary and revision, external and endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. Orbit. 2014;33(4):239-244. PMID: 24410627. doi: 10.3109/01676830.2013.871297
- Boal NS, Chiou CA, Sadlak N, Sarmiento VA, Lefebvre DR, Distefano AG. Antibiotic utilization in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: a multi-institutional study and review of the literature. Orbit. 2024;43(2):183-189. PMID: 37395439. doi: 10.1080/01676830.2023.2227705
- Feng YF, Cai JQ, Zhang JY, Han XH. A meta-analysis of primary dacryocystorhinostomy with and without silicone intubation. Can J Ophthalmol. 2011;46(6):521-527. PMID: 22153640. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2011.09.008
- Mihailovic N, Blumberg AF, Rosenberger F, Brücher VC, Lahme L, Eter N, Merté RL, Alnawaiseh M. Long-term outcome of transcanalicular microdrill dacryoplasty: a minimally invasive alternative for dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021;105(11):1480-1484. PMID: 32933937. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316146
- Balıkoğlu Yılmaz M, Şen E, Evren E, Elgin U, Yılmazbaş P. Canaliculitis awareness. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2016;46(1):25-29. PMID: 27800254. doi: 10.4274/tjo.68916
- Singh S, Nair AG, Alam MS, Mukherjee B. Outcomes of lacrimal gland injection of botulinum toxin in functional versus nonfunctional epiphora. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2019;12(2):104-107. PMID: 31198296. doi: 10.4103/ojo.OJO_52_2018
- Optic Neuritis Study Group. Visual function 15 years after optic neuritis: a final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(6):1079-1082.e5. PMID: 17976727. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.08.004
- Beck RW, Trobe JD, Moke PS, et al; Optic Neuritis Study Group. High- and low-risk profiles for the development of multiple sclerosis within 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(7):944-949. PMID: 12860795. doi: 10.1001/archopht.121.7.944
- Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Jitprapaikulsan J, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive optic neuritis: clinical characteristics, radiologic clues, and outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;195:8-15. PMID: 30055153. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.020
- Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al; International Panel for NMO Diagnosis. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology. 2015;85(2):177-189. PMID: 26092914. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001729
- Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K, et al. Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(7):614-625. PMID: 31050279. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1900866
- Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, et al; N-MOmentum study investigators. Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10206):1352-1363. PMID: 31495497. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31817-3
- Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, et al. Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(22):2114-2124. PMID: 31774956. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901747
- Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(5):402-412. PMID: 32333898. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30078-8
- Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, et al. Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(3):268-282. PMID: 36706773. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00431-8
- Çelebisoy N, Gökçay F, Şirin H, Akyürekli O. Treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: topiramate vs acetazolamide, an open-label study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;116(5):322-327. PMID: 17922725. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00905.x
- Mitchell JL, Lyons HS, Walker JK, et al. The effect of GLP-1RA exenatide on idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Brain. 2023;146(5):1821-1830. PMID: 36907221. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad003
- Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):317-328. PMID: 28745999. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613849
- Mackie SL, Dejaco C, Appenzeller S, et al. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(3):e1-e23. PMID: 31970405. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez672
- Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, et al; MGTX Study Group. Randomized trial of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(6):511-522. PMID: 27509100. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602489
- Howard JF Jr, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M, et al; REGAIN Study Group. Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(12):976-986. PMID: 29066163. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30369-1
- Howard JF Jr, Bril V, Vu T, et al; ADAPT Investigator Study Group. Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of efgartigimod in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (ADAPT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(7):526-536. PMID: 34146511. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00159-9
- Bril V, Drużdż A, Grosskreutz J, et al; MycarinG study group. Safety and efficacy of rozanolixizumab in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (MycarinG): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive phase 3 study. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(5):383-394. PMID: 37059507. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00077-7
- Shery T, Proudlock FA, Sarvananthan N, McLean RJ, Gottlob I. The effects of gabapentin and memantine in acquired and congenital nystagmus: a retrospective study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(7):839-843. PMID: 16556621. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2005.086322
- Claassen J, Spiegel R, Kalla R, et al. A randomised double-blind, cross-over trial of 4-aminopyridine for downbeat nystagmus—effects on slowphase eye velocity, postural stability, locomotion and symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84(12):1392-1399. PMID: 23813743. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304736
- Thurtell MJ, Leigh RJ. Treatment of nystagmus. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2012;14(1):60-72. PMID: 22072056. doi: 10.1007/s11940-011-0154-5
- Charles A. Migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(6):553-561. PMID: 28792865. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1605502
- Goadsby PJ, Reuter U, Hallström Y, et al. A controlled trial of erenumab for episodic migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(22):2123-2132. PMID: 29171821. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1705848
- Salminen L. Systemic absorption of topically applied ocular drugs in humans. J Ocul Pharmacol. 1990;6(3):243-249. PMID: 2290070. doi: 10.1089/jop.1990.6.243
- Demayo AP, Reidenberg MM. Grand mal seizure in a child 30 minutes after Cyclogyl (cyclopentolate hydrochloride) and 10% Neo-Synephrine (phenylephrine hydrochloride) eye drops were instilled. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):e499-e500. PMID: 15121994. doi: 10.1542/peds.113.5.e499
- Aldamri A, AlKhaldi SA, Alshuhayb BS, et al. Adverse reactions of cycloplegic and mydriatic eye drops in routine ophthalmologic examination of pediatric patients in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study and survey of pediatric ophthalmologists. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2024;38(3):275-279. PMID: 39465022. doi: 10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_222_23
- Beckers L, Verbruggen J, Saldien V, De Dooy J, van Zanten E, Peros T, et al. Potentially hazardous drugs in the paediatric ICU: a narrative review on the exemplary cases of propofol, chloramphenicol, and acetylsalicylic acid. Children (Basel). 2026;13(4):579. PMID: 42073156. doi: 10.3390/children13040579
- Thyagarajan B, Deshpande SS. Cotrimoxazole and neonatal kernicterus: a review. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2014;37(2):121-129. PMID: 24099411. doi: 10.3109/01480545.2013.834349
- Sugiyama M, Terashita Y, Hara K, et al. Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma in pediatric patients with hematological malignancies. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(12):e27977. PMID: 31489974. doi: 10.1002/pbc.27977
- Ye L, Li S, Shi Y, et al. Comparisons of atropine versus cyclopentolate cycloplegia in myopic children. Clin Exp Optom. 2021;104(2):143-150. PMID: 32844483. doi: 10.1111/cxo.13128
- Zuppa AA, D’Andrea V, Catenazzi P, Scorrano A, Romagnoli C. Ophthalmia neonatorum: what kind of prophylaxis? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(6):769-773. PMID: 21534852. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2010.531326
- Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1-187. PMID: 34292926. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1
- Zikic A, Schünemann H, Wi T, Lincetto O, Broutet N, Santesso N. Treatment of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(3):e107-e115. PMID: 30007329. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piy060
- Eberly MD, Eide MB, Thompson JL, Nylund CM. Azithromycin in early infancy and pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):483-488. PMID: 25687145. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2026
- Sugita G, Hotomi M, Sugita R, et al. Genetic characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children with conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20(8):493-497. PMID: 24953451. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.04.015
- Jhanji V, Chan TC, Li EY, Agarwal K, Vajpayee RB. Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015;60(5):435-443. PMID: 26077630. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.04.001
- Roumeau I, Coutu A, Navel V, et al. Efficacy of medical treatments for vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;148(3):822-834. PMID: 33819510. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.026
- Krueger C, Nguyen EL, Mahant S, et al. Association of empiric antibiotic selection and clinical outcomes in hospitalised children with severe orbital infections: a retrospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2024;109(11):932-940. PMID: 38589203. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326175
- Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Jacobs RF, et al. Safety and efficacy of high-dose intravenous acyclovir in the management of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Pediatrics. 2001;108(2):230-238. PMID: 11483782. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.2.230
- Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5):1036-1042. PMID: 26875007. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006
- Upadhyay A, Beuerman RW. Biological mechanisms of atropine control of myopia. Eye Contact Lens. 2020;46(3):129-135. PMID: 31899695. doi: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000677
- Chua WH, Balakrishnan V, Chan YH, Tong L, Ling Y, Quah BL, et al. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(12):2285-2291. PMID: 16996612. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.062
- Chia A, Chua WH, Cheung YB, Wong WL, Lingham A, Fong A, et al. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2). Ophthalmology. 2012;119(2):347-354. PMID: 21963266. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.031
- Chia A, Lu QS, Tan D. Five-year clinical trial on atropine for the treatment of myopia 2: myopia control with atropine 0.01% eyedrops. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(2):391-399. PMID: 26271839. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.07.004
- Yam JC, Li FF, Zhang X, Tang SM, Yip BHK, Kam KW, et al. Two-year clinical trial of the Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: phase 2 report. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(7):910-919. PMID: 32019700. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.12.011
- Zadnik K, Schulman E, Flitcroft I, Fogt JS, Blumenfeld LC, Fong TM, et al. Efficacy and safety of 0.01% and 0.02% atropine for the treatment of pediatric myopia progression over 3 years: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2023;141(10):990-999. PMID: 37261839. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.2097
- Lawrenson JG, Shah R, Huntjens B, Downie LE, Virgili G, Dhakal R, et al. Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;2(2):CD014758. PMID: 36809645. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014758.pub2
- Yam JC, Zhang XJ, Zhang Y, Wang YM, Tang SM, Li FF, et al. Three-year clinical trial of Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: continued versus washout. Ophthalmology. 2022;129(3):308-321. PMID: 34627809. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.10.002
- Lam CSY, Tang WC, Tse DYY, Lee RPK, Chun RKM, Hasegawa K, et al. Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(3):363-368. PMID: 31142465. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313739
- Bao J, Huang Y, Li X, Yang A, Zhou F, Wu J, et al. Spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets for myopia control vs single-vision spectacle lenses: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(5):472-478. PMID: 35357402. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0401
- Walline JJ, Walker MK, Mutti DO, Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Giannoni AG, et al. Effect of high add power, medium add power, or single-vision contact lenses on myopia progression in children: the BLINK randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(6):571-580. PMID: 32780139. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10834
- Yu S, Du L, Ji N, Li B, Pang X, Li X, et al. Combination of orthokeratology lens with 0.01% atropine in slowing axial elongation in children with myopia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22(1):438. PMID: 36380280. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02635-0
- Jiang Y, Zhu Z, Tan X, Kong X, Zhong H, Zhang J, et al. Effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia control in children: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Ophthalmology. 2022;129(5):509-519. PMID: 34863776. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.11.023
- He M, Xiang F, Zeng Y, Mai J, Chen Q, Zhang J, et al. Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(11):1142-1148. PMID: 26372583. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.10803
- Holmes JM, Clarke MP. Amblyopia. Lancet. 2006;367(9519):1343-1351. PMID: 16631913. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68581-4
- Writing Committee for the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group; Cotter SA, Foster NC, Holmes JM, et al. Optical treatment of strabismic and combined strabismic-anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(1):150-158. PMID: 21959371. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.043
- Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(3):268-278. PMID: 11879129. doi: 10.1001/archopht.120.3.268
- Repka MX, Wallace DK, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Two-year follow-up of a 6-month randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(2):149-157. PMID: 15710809. doi: 10.1001/archopht.123.2.149
- Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(8):1039-1044. PMID: 18695096. doi: 10.1001/archopht.126.8.1039
- Repka MX, Cotter SA, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(11):2076-2085. PMID: 15522375. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.04.032
- Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of severe amblyopia with weekend atropine: results from 2 randomized clinical trials. J AAPOS. 2009;13(3):258-263. PMID: 19541265. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2009.03.002
- Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Pharmacological plus optical penalization treatment for amblyopia: results of a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(1):22-30. PMID: 19139333. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2008.520
- Menon V, Shailesh G, Sharma P, Saxena R. Clinical trial of patching versus atropine penalization for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in older children. J AAPOS. 2008;12(5):493-497. PMID: 18534880. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2008.03.006
- Taylor K, Elliott S. Interventions for strabismic amblyopia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(7):CD006461. PMID: 25051925. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006461.pub4
- de Alba Campomanes AG, Binenbaum G, Campomanes Eguiarte G. Comparison of botulinum toxin with surgery as primary treatment for infantile esotropia. J AAPOS. 2010;14(2):111-116. PMID: 20451851. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2009.12.162
- Hiatt RL. Medical management of accommodative esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1983;20(5):199-201. PMID: 6631652. doi: 10.3928/0191-3913-19830901-07
- Kelly KR, Jost RM, Dao L, Beauchamp CL, Leffler JN, Birch EE. Binocular iPad game vs patching for treatment of amblyopia in children: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(12):1402-1408. PMID: 27832248. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.4224
- Holmes JM, Manny RE, Lazar EL, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of binocular Dig Rush game treatment for amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(3):456-466. PMID: 30352226. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.032
- Dimaras H, Corson TW, Cobrinik D, White A, Zhao J, Munier FL, et al. Retinoblastoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15021. PMID: 27189421. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.21
- Wong JR, Tucker MA, Kleinerman RA, Devesa SS. Retinoblastoma incidence patterns in the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(4):478-483. PMID: 24577366. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.8001
- Rushlow DE, Mol BM, Kennett JY, Yee S, Pajovic S, Thériault BL, et al. Characterisation of retinoblastomas without RB1 mutations: genomic, gene expression, and clinical studies. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(4):327-334. PMID: 23498719. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70045-7
- Shields CL, Shields JA. Basic understanding of current classification and management of retinoblastoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;17(3):228-234. PMID: 16794434. doi: 10.1097/01.icu.0000193079.55240.18
- Ancona-Lezama D, Dalvin LA, Shields CL. Modern treatment of retinoblastoma: a 2020 review. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(11):2356-2365. PMID: 33120616. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_721_20
- Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Au AK, Czyz C, Leahey A, Meadows AT, et al. The International Classification of Retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(12):2276-2280. PMID: 16996605. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.018
- Chan HS, DeBoer G, Thiessen JJ, Budning A, Kingston JE, O’Brien JM, et al. Combining cyclosporin with chemotherapy controls intraocular retinoblastoma without requiring radiation. Clin Cancer Res. 1996;2(9):1499-1508. PMID: 9816326.
- Chévez-Barrios P, Eagle RC Jr, Krailo M, Piao J, Albert DM, Gao Y, et al. Study of unilateral retinoblastoma with and without histopathologic high-risk features and the role of adjuvant chemotherapy: a Children’s Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(31):2883-2891. PMID: 31539297. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.01808
- Dunkel IJ, Piao J, Chantada GL, Banerjee A, Abouelnaga S, Buchsbaum JC, et al. Intensive multimodality therapy for extraocular retinoblastoma: a Children’s Oncology Group trial (ARET0321). J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(33):3839-3847. PMID: 35820112. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02337
- Abramson DH, Dunkel IJ, Brodie SE, Kim JW, Gobin YP. A phase I/II study of direct intraarterial (ophthalmic artery) chemotherapy with melphalan for intraocular retinoblastoma initial results. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(8):1398-1404. PMID: 18342944. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.12.014
- Gobin YP, Dunkel IJ, Marr BP, Brodie SE, Abramson DH. Intra-arterial chemotherapy for the management of retinoblastoma: four-year experience. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(6):732-737. PMID: 21320950. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.5
- Francis JH, Levin AM, Zabor EC, Gobin YP, Abramson DH. Ten-year experience with ophthalmic artery chemosurgery: ocular and recurrence-free survival. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197081. PMID: 29791475. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197081
- Munier FL, Gaillard MC, Balmer A, Soliman S, Podilsky G, Moulin AP, et al. Intravitreal chemotherapy for vitreous disease in retinoblastoma revisited: from prohibition to conditional indications. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(8):1078-1083. PMID: 22694968. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-301450
- Shields CL, Douglass AM, Beggache M, Say EAT, Shields JA. Intravitreous chemotherapy for active vitreous seeding from retinoblastoma: outcomes after 192 consecutive injections. The 2015 Howard Naquin Lecture. Retina. 2016;36(6):1184-1190. PMID: 26630319. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000903
- Munier FL, Gaillard MC, Decembrini S, Bongiovanni M, Beck-Popovic M. Intracameral chemotherapy (melphalan) for aqueous seeding in retinoblastoma: bicameral injection technique and related toxicity in a pilot case study. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2017;3(4):149-155. PMID: 28868287. doi: 10.1159/000453617
- Francis JH, Abramson DH, Ji X, Shields CL, Teixeira LF, Schefler AC, et al. Risk of extraocular extension in eyes with retinoblastoma receiving intravitreous chemotherapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(12):1426-1429. PMID: 29098285. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4600
- Kleinerman RA, Tucker MA, Tarone RE, Abramson DH, Seddon JM, Stovall M, et al. Risk of new cancers after radiotherapy in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma: an extended follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2272-2279. PMID: 15800318. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.054
- Temming P, Arendt M, Viehmann A, Eisele L, Le Guin CH, Schündeln MM, et al. Incidence of second cancers after radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy in heritable retinoblastoma survivors: a report from the German reference center. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017;64(1):71-80. PMID: 27567086. doi: 10.1002/pbc.26193
- Skalet AH, Gombos DS, Gallie BL, Kim JW, Shields CL, Marr BP, et al. Screening of children at risk for retinoblastoma: consensus report from the American Association of Ophthalmic Oncologists and Pathologists. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(3):453-458. PMID: 29056300. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.001
- Abramson DH, Shields CL, Munier FL, Chantada GL. Treatment of retinoblastoma in 2015: agreement and disagreement. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(11):1341-1347. PMID: 26378747. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.3108
- Yusuf IH, Sharma S, Luqmani R, Downes SM. Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Eye (Lond). 2017;31(6):828-845. PMID: 28282061. doi: 10.1038/eye.2016.298
- Melles RB, Marmor MF. Pericentral retinopathy and racial differences in hydroxychloroquine toxicity. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(1):110-116. PMID: 25182842. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.018
- Melles RB, Marmor MF. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(12):1453-1460. PMID: 25275721. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459
- Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TYY, Melles RB, Mieler WF; American Academy of Ophthalmology. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386-1394. PMID: 26992838. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.058
- Michaelides M, Stover NB, Francis PJ, Weleber RG. Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation of therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(1):30-39. PMID: 21220626. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.321
- Marmor MF, Hu J. Effect of disease stage on progression of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(9):1105-1112. PMID: 24922444. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.1099
- Pearce WA, Chen R, Jain N. Pigmentary maculopathy associated with chronic exposure to pentosan polysulfate sodium. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(11):1793-1802. PMID: 29801663. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.04.026
- Hanif AM, Armenti ST, Taylor SC, Shah RA, Igelman AD, Jayasundera KT, et al. Phenotypic spectrum of pentosan polysulfate sodium-associated maculopathy: a multicenter study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(11):1275-1282. PMID: 31486843. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.3392
- Vora RA, Patel AP, Melles R. Prevalence of maculopathy associated with long-term pentosan polysulfate therapy. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(6):835-836. PMID: 32085877. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.01.017
- Jain N, Li AL, Yu Y, VanderBeek BL. Association of macular disease with long-term use of pentosan polysulfate sodium: findings from a US cohort. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(8):1093-1097. PMID: 31694837. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314765
- Doshi RR, Fortun JA, Kim BT, Dubovy SR, Rosenfeld PJ. Pseudocystic foveal cavitation in tamoxifen retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(6):1291-1298.e3. PMID: 24582991. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.02.046
- Mohamed MAE, Eed KAA. Retinopathy associated with interferon therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus. Clin Ophthalmol. 2012;6:1341-1345. PMID: 22969278. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S32469
- Whitcup SM, Butler KM, Caruso R, de Smet MD, Rubin B, Husson RN, et al. Retinal toxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children treated with 2’,3’-dideoxyinosine. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113(1):1-7. PMID: 1728133. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75744-7
- Wu CH, Yang CP, Lai CC, Wu WC, Chen YH. Deferoxamine retinopathy: spectral domain-optical coherence tomography findings. BMC Ophthalmol. 2014;14:88. PMID: 24989140. doi: 10.1186/1471-2415-14-88
- Chen E, Brown DM, Benz MS, Fish RH, Wong TP, Kim RY, Major JC. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography as an effective screening test for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (the “flying saucer” sign). Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:1151-1158. PMID: 21060664. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S14257
- Lai TYY, Chan WM, Li H, Lai RYK, Lam DSC. Multifocal electroretinographic changes in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(5):794-807. PMID: 16310457. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.05.046
- Sudhakar P, Acharya K, Kini TA. Ethambutol optic neuropathy. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1626909. PMID: 41018187. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1626909
- Saxena R, Singh D, Phuljhele S, Kalaiselvan V, Karna S, Gandhi R, et al. Ethambutol toxicity: expert panel consensus for the primary prevention, diagnosis and management of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(12):3734-3739. PMID: 34827033. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_3746_20
- Kozak SF, Inderlied CB, Hsu HY, Heller KB, Sadun AA. The role of copper on ethambutol’s antimicrobial action and implications for ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1998;30(2):83-87. PMID: 9554173. doi: 10.1016/s0732-8893(97)00217-4
- Guillet V, Chevrollier A, Cassereau J, Letournel F, Gueguen N, Richard L, et al. Ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy linked to OPA1 mutation and mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondrion. 2010;10(2):115-124. PMID: 19900585. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.11.004
- Kaur P, Singh S, Kaur K, Mahesh KV, Tigari B, Sehgal V, et al. The genetics of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy: a narrative review. Neuroophthalmology. 2022;46(5):304-313. PMID: 36337233. doi: 10.1080/01658107.2022.2100916
- Kulkarni HS, Keskar VS, Bavdekar SB, Gabhale Y. Bilateral optic neuritis due to isoniazid (INH). Indian Pediatr. 2010;47(6):533-535. PMID: 20622286. doi: 10.1007/s13312-010-0083-5
- Mitchell R, Chacko J. Clinical and mechanistic review of amiodarone-associated optic neuropathy. Biomolecules. 2022;12(9):1298. PMID: 36139137. doi: 10.3390/biom12091298
- Passman RS, Bennett CL, Purpura JM, Kapur R, Johnson LN, Raisch DW, et al. Amiodarone-associated optic neuropathy: a critical review. Am J Med. 2012;125(5):447-453. PMID: 22385784. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.09.020
- Meng N, Xia L, Gong Y, Lu P. Amiodarone-related keratopathy and optic neuropathy: case report and literature review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025;12:1572461. PMID: 40241898. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1572461
- Laties AM. Vision disorders and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors: a review of the evidence to date. Drug Saf. 2009;32(1):1-18. PMID: 19132801. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200932010-00001
- Barroso F, Ribeiro JC, Miranda EP. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and visual side effects: a narrative review. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021;16(2):248-259. PMID: 34055262. doi: 10.18502/jovr.v16i2.9088
- Hor M, Baradeiya AM, Qasim H, Nasr M, Mohammad A. Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors: a literature review. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e27642. PMID: 36072219. doi: 10.7759/cureus.27642
- Yanoga F, Gentile RC, Chui TYP, Freund KB, Fell M, Dolz-Marco R, et al. Sildenafil citrate induced retinal toxicity—electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography, and adaptive optics findings. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2018;12(Suppl 1):S33-S40. PMID: 29489563. doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000708
- Maguire MJ, Hemming K, Wild JM, Hutton JL, Marson AG. Prevalence of visual field loss following exposure to vigabatrin therapy: a systematic review. Epilepsia. 2010;51(12):2423-2431. PMID: 21070215. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02772.x
- Wild JM, Robson CR, Jones AL, Cunliffe IA, Smith PEM. Detecting vigabatrin toxicity by imaging of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(3):917-924. PMID: 16505024. doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-0854
- Choi HJ, Kim DM. Visual field constriction associated with vigabatrin: retinal nerve fiber layer photographic correlation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(10):1395. PMID: 15377683. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.036301
- Blomquist PH. Ocular complications of systemic medications. Am J Med Sci. 2011;342(1):62-69. PMID: 21139494. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181f06b21
- Jobling AI, Augusteyn RC. What causes steroid cataracts? A review of steroid-induced posterior subcapsular cataracts. Clin Exp Optom. 2002;85(2):61-75. PMID: 11952401. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2002.tb03011.x
- James ER. The etiology of steroid cataract. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007;23(5):403-420. PMID: 17900234. doi: 10.1089/jop.2006.0067
- Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Leeder SR. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of cataracts. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(1):8-14. PMID: 9203425. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199707033370102
- Garbe E, Suissa S, LeLorier J. Association of inhaled corticosteroid use with cataract extraction in elderly patients. JAMA. 1998;280(6):539-543. PMID: 9707144. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.6.539
- Hamming NA, Apple DJ, Goldberg MF. Histopathology and ultrastructure of busulfan-induced cataract. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1976;200(2):139-147. PMID: 1086604. doi: 10.1007/BF00414363
- Fraunfelder FT, Hanna C, Dreis MW, Cosgrove KW Jr. Cataracts associated with allopurinol therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94(2):137-140. PMID: 7114136. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(82)90067-8
- Alves C, Mendes D, Batel Marques F. Statins and risk of cataracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cardiovasc Ther. 2018;36(6):e12480. PMID: 30597753. doi: 10.1111/1755-5922.12480
- Sahyoun JY, Sabeti S, Robert MC. Drug-induced corneal deposits: an up-to-date review. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2022;7(1):e000943. PMID: 35415268. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000943
- D’Amico DJ, Kenyon KR, Ruskin JN. Amiodarone keratopathy: drug-induced lipid storage disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99(2):257-261. PMID: 6258544. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1981.03930010259007
- Raizman MB, Hamrah P, Holland EJ, Kim T, Mah FS, Rapuano CJ, Ulrich RG. Drug-induced corneal epithelial changes. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017;62(3):286-301. PMID: 27890620. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.11.008
- Nayfield SG, Gorin MB. Tamoxifen-associated eye disease. A review. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(3):1018-1026. PMID: 8622006. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.3.1018
- Sodi A, Ioannidis AS, Mehta A, Davey C, Beck M, Pitz S. Ocular manifestations of Fabry’s disease: data from the Fabry Outcome Survey. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(2):210-214. PMID: 16973664. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2006.100602
- Fraunfelder FT, Sciubba JJ, Mathers WD. The role of medications in causing dry eye. J Ophthalmol. 2012;2012:285851. PMID: 23050121. doi: 10.1155/2012/285851
- Gomes JAP, Azar DT, Baudouin C, Efron N, Hirayama M, Horwath-Winter J, et al. TFOS DEWS II iatrogenic report. Ocul Surf. 2017;15(3):511-538. PMID: 28736341. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.004
- Tanriverdi C, Nurozler Tabakci B, Donmez S. Longitudinal assessment of meibomian glands and tear film layer in systemic isotretinoin treatment. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022;32(2):885-893. PMID: 34011178. doi: 10.1177/11206721211018361
- Lachkar Y, Bouassida W. Drug-induced acute angle closure glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18(2):129-133. PMID: 17301614. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0b013e32808738d5
- Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT, Keates EU. Topiramate-associated acute, bilateral, secondary angle-closure glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(1):109-111. PMID: 14711721. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.04.004
- Bomze D, Meirson T, Hasan Ali O, Goldman A, Flatz L, Habot-Wilner Z. Ocular adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive pharmacovigilance analysis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(1):191-197. PMID: 32749899. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1773867
- Abdel-Rahman O, Oweira H, Petrausch U, Helbling D, Schmidt J, Mannhart M, et al. Immune-related ocular toxicities in solid tumor patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2017;17(4):387-394. PMID: 28277102. doi: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1296765
- Martens A, Schauwvlieghe PP, Madoe A, Casteels I, Aspeslagh S. Ocular adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, a scoping review. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2023;13(1):5. PMID: 36811715. doi: 10.1186/s12348-022-00321-2
- Dow ER, Yung M, Tsui E. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated uveitis: review of treatments and outcomes. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;29(1):203-211. PMID: 32815757. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1781902
- Zhang HA, Yuan AT, Chiasson N, Wu KY, Kalevar A. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like syndrome: a descriptive systematic review. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2025;15(1):44. PMID: 40354015. doi: 10.1186/s12348-025-00484-8
- Wu KY, Yakobi Y, Gueorguieva DD, Mazerolle É. Emerging ocular side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a comprehensive review. Biomedicines. 2024;12(11):2547. PMID: 39595113. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12112547
- Zhang H, Houadj L, Wu KY, Tran SD. Diagnosing and managing uveitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(3):336. PMID: 38337852. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14030336
- Stjepanovic N, Velazquez-Martin JP, Bedard PL. Ocular toxicities of MEK inhibitors and other targeted therapies. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(6):998-1005. PMID: 26951625. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw100
- Francis JH, Habib LA, Abramson DH, Yannuzzi LA, Heinemann M, Gounder MM, et al. Clinical and morphologic characteristics of MEK inhibitor-associated retinopathy: differences from central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(12):1788-1798. PMID: 28709702. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.038
- Jeng-Miller KW, Miller MA, Heier JS. Ocular effects of MEK inhibitor therapy: literature review, clinical presentation, and best practices for mitigation. Oncologist. 2024;29(5):e616-e621. PMID: 38527005. doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae014
- Chuang K, Pineda R, Liu S. Belantamab mafodotin associated corneal microcyst-like epithelial changes. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2022;25:101392. PMID: 35198816. doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101392
- Wahab A, Rafae A, Mushtaq K, Masood A, Ehsan H, Khakwani M, et al. Ocular toxicity of belantamab mafodotin, an oncological perspective of management in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Front Oncol. 2021;11:678634. PMID: 34046363. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678634
- Lonial S, Nooka AK, Thulasi P, Badros AZ, Jeng BH, Callander NS, et al. Management of belantamab mafodotin-associated corneal events in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(5):103. PMID: 34039952. doi: 10.1038/s41408-021-00494-4
- Dy GK, Farooq AV, Kang JJ. Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates for cancer: evidence and management strategies. Oncologist. 2024;29(11):e1435-e1451. PMID: 39046895. doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyae177
- Neelapu SS, Tummala S, Kebriaei P, Wierda W, Gutierrez C, Locke FL, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy — assessment and management of toxicities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(1):47-62. PMID: 28925994. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.148
- Sarwar S, Riaz U, Ali A, Kailash SJ. Adverse events associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in ophthalmology: a narrative review. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2024;86(7):4035-4041. PMID: 38989163. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000002188
- Meller L, Jagadeesh V, Wilson K, Oca MC, Sestak T, Scott N. Bilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for B-cell lymphoma. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e56637. PMID: 38646322. doi: 10.7759/cureus.56637
- Kim J, Chung JE, Ahn SJ. Nationwide health claims analysis of phenothiazine-associated retinopathy risk in chlorpromazine and perphenazine users. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):40757. PMID: 41257995. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-24620-5
- Ah-Kee EY, Egong E, Shafi A, Lim LT, Yim JL. A review of drug-induced acute angle closure glaucoma for non-ophthalmologists. Qatar Med J. 2015;2015(1):6. PMID: 26535174. doi: 10.5339/qmj.2015.6
- Chen HY, Lin CL, Lai SW, Kao CH. Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and acute angle-closure glaucoma. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(6):e692-e696. PMID: 27135704. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m10038
- Wang HY, Tseng PT, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, Li DJ, Chen TY, et al. The risk of glaucoma and serotonergic antidepressants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:63-70. PMID: 30096594. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.079
- Park JSY, Sharma RA, Sharma V. Ophthalmic adverse effects of lithium. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;35(2):69-73. PMID: 31743232. doi: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000295
- Craig JE, Ong TJ, Louis DL, Wells JM. Mechanism of topiramate-induced acute-onset myopia and angle closure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(1):193-195. PMID: 14700673. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00774-8
- Altan-Yaycioglu R, Yaycioglu O, Aydin Akova Y, Guvel S, Ozkardes H. Ocular side-effects of tolterodine and oxybutynin, a single-blind prospective randomized trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59(5):588-592. PMID: 15842558. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02356.x
- Roberti G, Oddone F, Agnifili L, Katsanos A, Michelessi M, Mastropasqua L, et al. Steroid-induced glaucoma: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Surv Ophthalmol. 2020;65(4):458-472. PMID: 32057761. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.01.002
- Carvalho-Recchia CA, Yannuzzi LA, Negrão S, Spaide RF, Freund KB, Rodriguez-Coleman H, et al. Corticosteroids and central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1834-1837. PMID: 12359603. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01117-x
- Chartrand NA, Lau CK, Parsons MT, Handlon JJ, Ronquillo YC, Hoopes PC, et al. Ocular side effects of bisphosphonates: a review of literature. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2023;39(1):3-16. PMID: 36409537. doi: 10.1089/jop.2022.0094
- Etminan M, Forooghian F, Maberley D. Inflammatory ocular adverse events with the use of oral bisphosphonates: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ. 2012;184(8):E431-E434. PMID: 22470169. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.111752
- Sobhi N, Abdollahi M, Arman A, Mahmoodpoor A, Jafarizadeh A. Methanol induced optic neuropathy: molecular mysteries, public health perspective, clinical insights and treatment strategies. Semin Ophthalmol. 2025;40(1):18-29. PMID: 38804878. doi: 10.1080/08820538.2024.2358310
- Sharma R, Marasini S, Sharma AK, Shrestha JK, Nepal BP. Methanol poisoning: ocular and neurological manifestations. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(2):178-182. PMID: 22127151. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e31823ee128
- Baj J, Forma A, Kobak J, Tyczyńska M, Dudek I, Maani A, et al. Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathies—an updated mini-review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):3092. PMID: 35270784. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19053092
- Hui M, Galvin J, Chilov M, Gabrielle PH, Fung AT. Popper maculopathy: long-term follow-up and case series. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2020;14(2):195-199. PMID: 29135704. doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000650
- Sachs R, Zagelbaum BM, Hersh PS. Corneal complications associated with the use of crack cocaine. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(2):187-191. PMID: 8437825. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31672-6
- Novack GD. Cannabinoids for treatment of glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2016;27(2):146-150. PMID: 26840343. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000242
- Lani-Louzada R, Dias MS, Linden R, Ribas VT, Petrs-Silva H. Gene therapy strategies for glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Curr Gene Ther. 2021;21(5):362-381. PMID: 33573569. doi: 10.2174/1566523221666210126152000
- Mohan RR, Martin LM, Sinha NR. Novel insights into gene therapy in the cornea. Exp Eye Res. 2021;202:108361. PMID: 33212142. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108361
- Stefanov A, Flannery JG. A systematic review of optogenetic vision restoration: history, challenges, and new inventions from bench to bedside. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2023;13(6):a041304. PMID: 36376079. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041304
- Sahel JA, Boulanger-Scemama E, Pagot C, Arleo A, Galluppi F, Martel JN, et al. Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy. Nat Med. 2021;27(7):1223-1229. PMID: 34031601. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01351-4
- Vamathevan J, Clark D, Czodrowski P, Dunham I, Ferran E, Lee G, et al. Applications of machine learning in drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18(6):463-477. PMID: 30976107. doi: 10.1038/s41573-019-0024-5
- Zhavoronkov A, Ivanenkov YA, Aliper A, Veselov MS, Aladinskiy VA, Aladinskaya AV, et al. Deep learning enables rapid identification of potent DDR1 kinase inhibitors. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37(9):1038-1040. PMID: 31477924. doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0224-x
- Abràmoff MD, Lavin PT, Birch M, Shah N, Folk JC. Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices. NPJ Digit Med. 2018;1:39. PMID: 31304320. doi: 10.1038/s41746-018-0040-6
- Petrillo F, Pignataro D, Lavano MA, Santella B, Folliero V, Zannella C, et al. Current evidence on the ocular surface microbiota and related diseases. Microorganisms. 2020;8(7):1033. PMID: 32668575. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8071033
- Watane A, Raolji S, Cavuoto K, Galor A. Microbiome and immune-mediated dry eye: a review. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2022;7(1):e000956. PMID: 36161855. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000956
- Napolitano P, Filippelli M, Davinelli S, Bartollino S, dell’Omo R, Costagliola C. Influence of gut microbiota on eye diseases: an overview. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):750-761. PMID: 34042554. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1925150
- Rama P, Matuska S, Paganoni G, Spinelli A, De Luca M, Pellegrini G. Limbal stem-cell therapy and long-term corneal regeneration. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(2):147-155. PMID: 20573916. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0905955
- Bell CM, Zack DJ, Berlinicke CA. Human organoids for the study of retinal development and disease. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2020;6:91-114. PMID: 32936736. doi: 10.1146/annurev-vision-121219-081855
- Isaacson A, Swioklo S, Connon CJ. 3D bioprinting of a corneal stroma equivalent. Exp Eye Res. 2018;173:188-193. PMID: 29772228. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.05.010
- Gedde SJ, Vinod K, Wright MM, Muir KW, Lind JT, Chen PP, et al.; American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Glaucoma Panel. Primary open-angle glaucoma preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(1):P71-P150. PMID: 34933745. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.10.022
- Varu DM, Rhee MK, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, et al.; American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Cornea and External Disease Panel. Conjunctivitis preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(1):P94-P169. PMID: 30366797. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.020
- Duguid IG, Dart JK, Morlet N, Allan BD, Matheson M, Ficker L, et al. Outcome of Acanthamoeba keratitis treated with polyhexamethyl biguanide and propamidine. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(10):1587-1592. PMID: 9331195. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30092-x
- Zhang H, Nicholson CM, Kempen JH, Ying GS, Gangaputra SS. Management of acute non-infectious anterior uveitis in adults — practice patterns among uveitis specialists in North America. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2025;33(7):1153-1158. PMID: 38749068. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2024.2346819
- Amescua G, Akpek EK, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, Lin A, Rhee MK, et al.; American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Cornea and External Disease Panel. Blepharitis preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(1):P56-P93. PMID: 30366800. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.019
- Lam DS, Lai JS, Tham CC, Chua JK, Poon AS. Argon laser peripheral iridoplasty versus conventional systemic medical therapy in treatment of acute primary angle-closure glaucoma: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(9):1591-1596. PMID: 12208703. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01158-2
- Soleimani M, Naderan M. Management strategies of ocular chemical burns: current perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:2687-2699. PMID: 32982161. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S235873
- Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, Langford CA, Gorelik M, Guyatt G, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(8):1349-1365. PMID: 34235884. doi: 10.1002/art.41774
- Arici MK, Sümer Z, Güler C, Elibol O, Saygi G, Cetinkaya S. In vitro potency and stability of fortified ophthalmic antibiotics. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1999;27(6):426-430. PMID: 10641902. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1606.1999.00239.x